Twitter Data Collection & Analysis#

In this lesson, we’re going to learn how to analyze and explore Twitter data with the Python/command line tool twarc. We’re specifically going to work with twarc2, which is designed for version 2 of the Twitter API (released in 2020) and the Academic Research track of the Twitter API (released in 2021), which enables researchers to collect tweets from the entire Twitter archive for free.

Twarc was developed by a project called Documenting the Now. The DocNow team develops tools and ethical frameworks for social media research.

Dataset#

[David Foster Wallace]…has become lit-bro shorthand…Make a passing reference to the “David Foster Wallace fanboy” and you can assume the reader knows whom you’re talking about.

—Molly Fischer, “David Foster Wallace, Beloved Author of Bros”

Source: Giovanni Giovanetti, NYT

The Twitter conversation that we’re going to explore in this lesson is related to “Wallace bros” — fans of the author David Foster Wallace who are often described as “bros” or, more pointedly, “David Foster Wallace bros.”

For example, in Slate in 2015, Molly Fischer argued that David Foster Wallace’s writing — most famously his novel Infinite Jest — tended to attract a fan base of chauvinistic and misogynistic young men. But other people have defended Wallace’s fans and the author against such charges. What is a “David Foster Wallace bro”? Was DFW himself a “bro”? Who is using this phrase, how often are they using it, and why? We’re going to track this phrase and explore the varied viewpoints in this cultural conversation by analyzing tweets that mention “David Foster Wallace bro.”

Search Queries & Privacy Concerns#

To collect tweets from the Twitter API, we need to make queries, or requests for specific kinds of tweets — e.g., twarc2 search *query*. The simplest kind of query is a keyword search, such as the phrase “David Foster Wallace bro,” which should return any tweet that contains all of these words in any order — twarc2 search "David Foster Wallace bro".

There are many other operators that we can add to a query, which would allow us to collect tweets only from specific Twitter users or locations, or to only collect tweets that meet certain conditions, such as containing an image or being authored by a verified Twitter user. Here’s an excerpted table of search operators taken from Twitter’s documentation about how to build a search query. There are many other operators beyond those included in this table, and I recommend reading through Twitter’s entire web page on this subject.

Search Operator

Explanation

keyword

Matches a keyword within the body of a Tweet. so sweet and so cold

“exact phrase match”

Matches the exact phrase within the body of a Tweet. "so sweet and so cold" OR "plums in the icebox"

-

Do NOT match a keyword or operator baldwin -alec, walt whitman -bridge

#

Matches any Tweet containing a recognized hashtag #arthistory

from:, to:

Matches any Tweet from or to a specific user. from:KingJames to:KingJames

place:

Matches Tweets tagged with the specified location or Twitter place ID. place:"new york city" OR place:seattle

is:reply, is:quote

Returns only replies or quote tweets. DFW bro is:reply David Foster Wallace bro is:quote

is:verified

Returns only Tweets whose authors are verified by Twitter.DFW bro is:verified

has:media

Matches Tweets that contain a media object, such as a photo, GIF, or video, as determined by Twitter. I Think You Should Leave has:media

has:images, has:videos

Matches Tweets that contain a recognized URL to an image. i'm gonna tell my kinds that this was has:images

has:geo

Matches Tweets that have Tweet-specific geolocation data provided by the Twitter user. pyramids has:geo

In this lesson, we will only be collecting tweets that were tweeted by verified users: "David Foster Wallace bro is:verified".

As I discussed in “Users’ Data: Legal & Ethical Considerations,” collecting publicly available tweets is legal, but it still raises a lot of privacy concerns and ethical quandaries — particularly when you re-publish user’s data, as I am in this lesson. To reduce potential harm to Twitter users when re-publishing or citing tweets, it can be helpful to ask for explicit permission from the authors or to focus on tweets that have already been reasonably exposed to the public (e.g., tweets with many retweets or tweets from verified users), such that re-publishing the content will not unduly increase risk to the user.

Install and Import Libraries#

Because twarc relies on Twitter’s API, we need to apply for a Twitter developer account and create a Twitter application before we can use it. You can find instructions for the application process in “Twitter API Set Up.”

If you haven’t done so already, you need to install twarc and configure twarc with your bearer token and/or API keys.

#!pip install twarc
#!twarc2 configure

To make an interactive plot, we’re also going to install the package plotly.

!pip install plotly

Then we’re going to import plotly as well as pandas

import plotly.express as px

import pandas as pd
pd.options.display.max_colwidth = 400
pd.options.display.max_columns = 90

Get Tweet Counts#

The first thing we’re going to do is retrieve “tweet counts” — that is, retrieve the number of tweets that included the phrase “David Foster Wallace bro” each day in Twitter’s history.

The tweet counts API endpoint is a convenient feature of the v2 API (first introduced in 2021) that allows us to get a sense of how many tweets will be returned for a given query before we actually collect all the tweets that match the query. We won’t get the text of the tweets or the users who tweeted the tweets or any other relevant data. We will simply get the number of tweets that match the query. This is helpful because we might be able to see that the search query “Wallace” matches too many tweets, which would encourage us to narrow our search by modifying the query.

The tweet counts API endpoint is perhaps even more useful for research projects that are primarily interested in tracking the volume of a Twitter conversation over time. In this case, tweet counts enable a researcher to retrieve this information in a way that’s faster and easier than retrieving all tweets and relevant metadata.

To get tweet counts from Twitter’s entire history with twarc2, we will use twarc2 counts followed by a search query.

We will also use the flag --csv because we want to output the data as a CSV, the flag --archive because we’re working with the Academic Research track of the Twitter API and want access to the full archive, and the flag --granularity day to get tweet counts per day (other options include hour and minute — you can see more in twarc’s documentation). Finally, we write the data to a CSV file.

!twarc2 counts "David Foster Wallace bro is:verified" --csv --archive --granularity day > twitter-data/tweet-counts.csv

We can read in this CSV file with pandas, parse the date columns, and sort from earliest to latest. The code below is largely borrowed from Ed Summers. Thanks, Ed!

Pandas Review

Do you need a refresher or introduction to the Python data analysis library Pandas? Be sure to check out Pandas Basics (1-3) in this textbook!

# Code borrowed from Ed Summers
# https://github.com/edsu/notebooks/blob/master/Black%20Lives%20Matter%20Counts.ipynb

# Read in CSV as DataFrame
tweet_counts_df = pd.read_csv('twitter-data/tweet-counts.csv', parse_dates=['start', 'end'])
# Sort values by earliest date
tweet_counts_df = tweet_counts_df.sort_values('start')
tweet_counts_df
start end day_count
5735 2006-03-21 00:00:00+00:00 2006-03-22 00:00:00+00:00 0
5736 2006-03-22 00:00:00+00:00 2006-03-23 00:00:00+00:00 0
5737 2006-03-23 00:00:00+00:00 2006-03-24 00:00:00+00:00 0
5738 2006-03-24 00:00:00+00:00 2006-03-25 00:00:00+00:00 0
5739 2006-03-25 00:00:00+00:00 2006-03-26 00:00:00+00:00 0
... ... ... ...
26 2021-12-19 00:00:00+00:00 2021-12-20 00:00:00+00:00 0
27 2021-12-20 00:00:00+00:00 2021-12-21 00:00:00+00:00 0
28 2021-12-21 00:00:00+00:00 2021-12-22 00:00:00+00:00 0
29 2021-12-22 00:00:00+00:00 2021-12-23 00:00:00+00:00 0
30 2021-12-23 00:00:00+00:00 2021-12-23 14:32:00+00:00 0

5757 rows × 3 columns

Then we can make a quick plot of tweets per day with plotly

# Code borrowed from Ed Summers
# https://github.com/edsu/notebooks/blob/master/Black%20Lives%20Matter%20Counts.ipynb
# Make a line plot from the DataFrame and specify x and y axes, axes titles, and plot title
figure = px.line(tweet_counts_df, x='start', y='day_count',
    labels={'start': 'Time', 'day_count': 'Tweets per Day'},
    title= 'DFW Bro Tweets'
)

figure.show()

With a plotly line chart, we can hover over points to see more information, and we can use the tool bar in the upper right corner to zoom or pan on different parts of the graph. We can also press the camera button to download an image of the graph at any pan or zoom level.

To return to the original view, double-click on the plot.

Get Tweets (Standard Track)#

To actually collect tweets and their associated metadata, we can use the command twarc2 search and insert a query.

Here we’re going to search for any tweets that mention the words “David Foster Wallace bro” and were tweeted by verified accounts in the past week. By default, twarc2 search will use the standard track of the Twitter API, which only collects tweets from the past week.

!twarc2 search "David Foster Wallace is:verified"
{"data": [{"entities": {"annotations": [{"start": 40, "end": 59, "probability": 0.961, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}]}, "source": "Twitter for iPhone", "conversation_id": "1473826748169175048", "text": "\u201cEvery love story is a ghost story.\u201c\u00a0\n- David Foster Wallace", "created_at": "2021-12-23T01:24:13.000Z", "lang": "en", "reply_settings": "everyone", "author_id": "90573676", "id": "1473826748169175048", "possibly_sensitive": false, "public_metrics": {"retweet_count": 13, "reply_count": 1, "like_count": 55, "quote_count": 2}, "context_annotations": [{"domain": {"id": "10", "name": "Person", "description": "Named people in the world like Nelson Mandela"}, "entity": {"id": "1070731935612198912", "name": "David Foster", "description": "Canadian musician, record producer, songwriter"}}, {"domain": {"id": "54", "name": "Musician", "description": "A musician in the world, like Adele or Bob Dylan"}, "entity": {"id": "1070731935612198912", "name": "David Foster", "description": "Canadian musician, record producer, songwriter"}}, {"domain": {"id": "67", "name": "Interests and Hobbies", "description": "Interests, opinions, and behaviors of individuals, groups, or cultures; like Speciality Cooking or Theme Parks"}, "entity": {"id": "1278071502840066048", "name": "Paranormal"}}]}, {"entities": {"annotations": [{"start": 32, "end": 51, "probability": 0.6432, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}], "urls": [{"start": 137, "end": 160, "url": "https://t.co/uP4U30fkqv", "expanded_url": "https://www.backstage.com/magazine/article/voiceover-casting-68077/?utm_campaign=organic&utm_content=casting%2Clink%2Cstock-misc%2Ctalent%2Cvoiceover&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter", "display_url": "backstage.com/magazine/artic\u2026"}]}, "source": "Sprout Social", "conversation_id": "1473762018855370755", "text": "From a short film adaptation of David Foster Wallace Story to a feature film and everything in between, here\u2019s what\u2019s casting this week. https://t.co/uP4U30fkqv", "created_at": "2021-12-22T21:07:01.000Z", "lang": "en", "reply_settings": "everyone", "author_id": "19920585", "id": "1473762018855370755", "possibly_sensitive": false, "public_metrics": {"retweet_count": 0, "reply_count": 0, "like_count": 0, "quote_count": 0}, "context_annotations": [{"domain": {"id": "10", "name": "Person", "description": "Named people in the world like Nelson Mandela"}, "entity": {"id": "1070731935612198912", "name": "David Foster", "description": "Canadian musician, record producer, songwriter"}}, {"domain": {"id": "54", "name": "Musician", "description": "A musician in the world, like Adele or Bob Dylan"}, "entity": {"id": "1070731935612198912", "name": "David Foster", "description": "Canadian musician, record producer, songwriter"}}]}, {"source": "Twitter Web App", "conversation_id": "1473587774821437441", "entities": {"mentions": [{"start": 0, "end": 11, "username": "glennndiaz", "id": "917615998047367168"}]}, "text": "@glennndiaz Hahahaha di ko pa nga binabasa Wikipedia page niya. Before I read The Corrections, akala ko iisa lang sila ni David Foster Wallace hahahaha", "created_at": "2021-12-22T10:06:25.000Z", "lang": "tl", "in_reply_to_user_id": "917615998047367168", "reply_settings": "everyone", "author_id": "37662244", "id": "1473595773400981504", "possibly_sensitive": false, "referenced_tweets": [{"type": "replied_to", "id": "1473591381436162052"}], "public_metrics": {"retweet_count": 0, "reply_count": 0, "like_count": 0, "quote_count": 0}, "context_annotations": [{"domain": {"id": "10", "name": "Person", "description": "Named people in the world like Nelson Mandela"}, "entity": {"id": "1070731935612198912", "name": "David Foster", "description": "Canadian musician, record producer, songwriter"}}, {"domain": {"id": "54", "name": "Musician", "description": "A musician in the world, like Adele or Bob Dylan"}, "entity": {"id": "1070731935612198912", "name": "David Foster", "description": "Canadian musician, record producer, songwriter"}}]}, {"entities": {"annotations": [{"start": 16, "end": 35, "probability": 0.7984, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "david foster wallace"}, {"start": 54, "end": 65, "probability": 0.9346, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "david foster"}], "mentions": [{"start": 3, "end": 14, "username": "el_fodongo", "id": "966631615"}]}, "source": "Twitter for iPhone", "conversation_id": "1473360294898548738", "text": "RT @el_fodongo: david foster wallace's dog was called david foster gromit", "created_at": "2021-12-21T18:30:42.000Z", "lang": "en", "reply_settings": "everyone", "author_id": "86101978", "id": "1473360294898548738", "possibly_sensitive": false, "referenced_tweets": [{"type": "retweeted", "id": "1392179447051165696"}], "public_metrics": {"retweet_count": 192, "reply_count": 0, "like_count": 0, "quote_count": 0}, "context_annotations": [{"domain": {"id": "10", "name": "Person", "description": "Named people in the world like Nelson Mandela"}, "entity": {"id": "1070731935612198912", "name": "David Foster", "description": "Canadian musician, record producer, songwriter"}}, {"domain": {"id": "54", "name": "Musician", "description": "A musician in the world, like Adele or Bob Dylan"}, "entity": {"id": "1070731935612198912", "name": "David Foster", "description": "Canadian musician, record producer, songwriter"}}]}, {"entities": {"annotations": [{"start": 16, "end": 35, "probability": 0.7984, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "david foster wallace"}, {"start": 54, "end": 65, "probability": 0.9346, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "david foster"}], "mentions": [{"start": 3, "end": 14, "username": "el_fodongo", "id": "966631615"}]}, "source": "Twitter Web App", "conversation_id": "1473359224453623808", "text": "RT @el_fodongo: david foster wallace's dog was called david foster gromit", "created_at": "2021-12-21T18:26:27.000Z", "lang": "en", "reply_settings": "everyone", "author_id": "76718852", "id": "1473359224453623808", "possibly_sensitive": false, "referenced_tweets": [{"type": "retweeted", "id": "1392179447051165696"}], "public_metrics": {"retweet_count": 192, "reply_count": 0, "like_count": 0, "quote_count": 0}, "context_annotations": [{"domain": {"id": "10", "name": "Person", "description": "Named people in the world like Nelson Mandela"}, "entity": {"id": "1070731935612198912", "name": "David Foster", "description": "Canadian musician, record producer, songwriter"}}, {"domain": {"id": "54", "name": "Musician", "description": "A musician in the world, like Adele or Bob Dylan"}, "entity": {"id": "1070731935612198912", "name": "David Foster", "description": "Canadian musician, record producer, songwriter"}}]}, {"entities": {"annotations": [{"start": 84, "end": 103, "probability": 0.9894, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}, {"start": 109, "end": 124, "probability": 0.8558, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "\u00d3scar Villasante"}], "mentions": [{"start": 3, "end": 19, "username": "Notodofilmfest_", "id": "161988497"}, {"start": 49, "end": 63, "username": "camaraabierta", "id": "52823380"}]}, "source": "Twitter for iPhone", "conversation_id": "1473292247873593345", "text": "RT @Notodofilmfest_: \u2728Premio al Mejor Documental\u2728@camaraabierta\n\"Peque\u00f1o Homenaje a David Foster Wallace\" de \u00d3scar Villasante\nhttps://t.co/\u2026", "created_at": "2021-12-21T14:00:18.000Z", "lang": "es", "reply_settings": "everyone", "author_id": "52823380", "id": "1473292247873593345", "possibly_sensitive": false, "referenced_tweets": [{"type": "retweeted", "id": "1473269378565160974"}], "public_metrics": {"retweet_count": 1, "reply_count": 0, "like_count": 0, "quote_count": 0}, "context_annotations": [{"domain": {"id": "10", "name": "Person", "description": "Named people in the world like Nelson Mandela"}, "entity": {"id": "1070731935612198912", "name": "David Foster", "description": "Canadian musician, record producer, songwriter"}}, {"domain": {"id": "54", "name": "Musician", "description": "A musician in the world, like Adele or Bob Dylan"}, "entity": {"id": "1070731935612198912", "name": "David Foster", "description": "Canadian musician, record producer, songwriter"}}]}, {"source": "Twitter for iPhone", "conversation_id": "1472984031864279045", "entities": {"mentions": [{"start": 0, "end": 14, "username": "TomA3aenssens", "id": "1189576208"}, {"start": 15, "end": 30, "username": "WimOosterlinck", "id": "53060760"}]}, "text": "@TomA3aenssens @WimOosterlinck De auteur die de doorslag zou geven, is David Foster Wallace, maar die staat bij de fictie.", "created_at": "2021-12-20T17:54:22.000Z", "lang": "nl", "in_reply_to_user_id": "1189576208", "reply_settings": "everyone", "author_id": "292945752", "id": "1472988761785049090", "possibly_sensitive": false, "referenced_tweets": [{"type": "replied_to", "id": "1472987840288116740"}], "public_metrics": {"retweet_count": 0, "reply_count": 0, "like_count": 3, "quote_count": 0}, "context_annotations": [{"domain": {"id": "10", "name": "Person", "description": "Named people in the world like Nelson Mandela"}, "entity": {"id": "1070731935612198912", "name": "David Foster", "description": "Canadian musician, record producer, songwriter"}}, {"domain": {"id": "54", "name": "Musician", "description": "A musician in the world, like Adele or Bob Dylan"}, "entity": {"id": "1070731935612198912", "name": "David Foster", "description": "Canadian musician, record producer, songwriter"}}]}, {"entities": {"annotations": [{"start": 46, "end": 57, "probability": 0.7361, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "Bill Shankly"}, {"start": 60, "end": 79, "probability": 0.9075, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}, {"start": 82, "end": 97, "probability": 0.9925, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "Marina Tsvetaeva"}, {"start": 100, "end": 105, "probability": 0.9963, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "Eminem"}, {"start": 112, "end": 125, "probability": 0.9834, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "Kenny Dalglish"}], "urls": [{"start": 169, "end": 192, "url": "https://t.co/rirr55pD5O", "expanded_url": "https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/aw/d/1781724253/", "display_url": "amazon.co.uk/gp/aw/d/178172\u2026"}]}, "source": "Twitter for iPhone", "conversation_id": "1472930896223383559", "text": "Find me another book that assembles a cast of Bill Shankly, David Foster Wallace, Marina Tsvetaeva, Eminem, and Kenny Dalglish. A unique stocking filler, or so I hear.\n\nhttps://t.co/rirr55pD5O", "created_at": "2021-12-20T14:04:26.000Z", "lang": "en", "reply_settings": "everyone", "author_id": "2435437579", "id": "1472930896223383559", "possibly_sensitive": false, "public_metrics": {"retweet_count": 1, "reply_count": 0, "like_count": 1, "quote_count": 0}, "context_annotations": [{"domain": {"id": "10", "name": "Person", "description": "Named people in the world like Nelson Mandela"}, "entity": {"id": "1070731935612198912", "name": "David Foster", "description": "Canadian musician, record producer, songwriter"}}, {"domain": {"id": "10", "name": "Person", "description": "Named people in the world like Nelson Mandela"}, "entity": {"id": "1095842197574844416", "name": "Kenny Dalglish"}}, {"domain": {"id": "54", "name": "Musician", "description": "A musician in the world, like Adele or Bob Dylan"}, "entity": {"id": "1070731935612198912", "name": "David Foster", "description": "Canadian musician, record producer, songwriter"}}, {"domain": {"id": "92", "name": "Sports Personality", "description": "A Sports Personality like 'Skip Bayless'"}, "entity": {"id": "1095842197574844416", "name": "Kenny Dalglish"}}, {"domain": {"id": "92", "name": "Sports Personality", "description": "A Sports Personality like 'Skip Bayless'"}, "entity": {"id": "1202239681422774272", "name": "Sports icons"}}, {"domain": {"id": "10", "name": "Person", "description": "Named people in the world like Nelson Mandela"}, "entity": {"id": "808389766676811780", "name": "Eminem", "description": "Eminem"}}, {"domain": {"id": "54", "name": "Musician", "description": "A musician in the world, like Adele or Bob Dylan"}, "entity": {"id": "808389766676811780", "name": "Eminem", "description": "Eminem"}}, {"domain": {"id": "55", "name": "Music Genre", "description": "A category for a musical style, like Pop, Rock, or Rap"}, "entity": {"id": "810937888334487552", "name": "Rap", "description": "Hip-Hop/Rap"}}]}, {"source": "Twitter for Android", "conversation_id": "1472600656787742725", "entities": {"mentions": [{"start": 0, "end": 13, "username": "george_salis", "id": "1357934563838812161"}, {"start": 14, "end": 30, "username": "TheLastSisyphus", "id": "340072715"}], "urls": [{"start": 52, "end": 75, "url": "https://t.co/nLbntaS24J", "expanded_url": "https://sites.utexas.edu/ransomcentermagazine/2016/01/29/david-foster-wallace-and-20-years-of-infinite-jest/", "display_url": "sites.utexas.edu/ransomcenterma\u2026"}]}, "text": "@george_salis @TheLastSisyphus Also something here. https://t.co/nLbntaS24J", "created_at": "2021-12-19T17:58:24.000Z", "lang": "en", "in_reply_to_user_id": "1357934563838812161", "reply_settings": "everyone", "author_id": "17853057", "id": "1472627388911538176", "possibly_sensitive": false, "referenced_tweets": [{"type": "replied_to", "id": "1472604673962037250"}], "public_metrics": {"retweet_count": 0, "reply_count": 2, "like_count": 1, "quote_count": 0}}, {"entities": {"annotations": [{"start": 33, "end": 52, "probability": 0.9895, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}], "urls": [{"start": 90, "end": 113, "url": "https://t.co/poOtnWcmsc", "expanded_url": "https://twitter.com/velazquera/status/1471895454103314433", "display_url": "twitter.com/velazquera/sta\u2026"}]}, "source": "Twitter for iPhone", "conversation_id": "1471945897038729217", "text": "Estoy tan feliz: mi ensayo sobre David Foster Wallace est\u00e1 incluido en esta publicaci\u00f3n \ud83e\udd70 https://t.co/poOtnWcmsc", "created_at": "2021-12-17T20:50:23.000Z", "lang": "es", "reply_settings": "everyone", "author_id": "45840741", "id": "1471945897038729217", "possibly_sensitive": false, "referenced_tweets": [{"type": "quoted", "id": "1471895454103314433"}], "public_metrics": {"retweet_count": 1, "reply_count": 2, "like_count": 18, "quote_count": 0}, "context_annotations": [{"domain": {"id": "10", "name": "Person", "description": "Named people in the world like Nelson Mandela"}, "entity": {"id": "1070731935612198912", "name": "David Foster", "description": "Canadian musician, record producer, songwriter"}}, {"domain": {"id": "54", "name": "Musician", "description": "A musician in the world, like Adele or Bob Dylan"}, "entity": {"id": "1070731935612198912", "name": "David Foster", "description": "Canadian musician, record producer, songwriter"}}, {"domain": {"id": "65", "name": "Interests and Hobbies Vertical", "description": "Top level interests and hobbies groupings, like Food or Travel"}, "entity": {"id": "1280550787207147521", "name": "Arts & culture"}}]}, {"entities": {"annotations": [{"start": 34, "end": 48, "probability": 0.7699, "type": "Organization", "normalized_text": "Emerson College"}, {"start": 51, "end": 70, "probability": 0.8445, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}], "mentions": [{"start": 0, "end": 13, "username": "slentine2010", "id": "1681097215"}], "urls": [{"start": 88, "end": 111, "url": "https://t.co/LYHGQfxvgC", 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David Foster Wallace, Tennis and the Crisis of Meritocracy\": https://t.co/iham6vILfC https://t.co/SrLkMELsYj", "created_at": "2021-12-17T15:00:12.000Z", "lang": "en", "reply_settings": "everyone", "author_id": "29731124", "id": "1471857768462176268", "possibly_sensitive": false, "public_metrics": {"retweet_count": 0, "reply_count": 0, "like_count": 0, "quote_count": 0}, "context_annotations": [{"domain": {"id": "3", "name": "TV Shows", "description": "Television shows from around the world"}, "entity": {"id": "10044747023", "name": "US Open"}}, {"domain": {"id": "6", "name": "Sports Event"}, "entity": {"id": "1398019721518219264", "name": "U.S. Open Tennis"}}, {"domain": {"id": "10", "name": "Person", "description": "Named people in the world like Nelson Mandela"}, "entity": {"id": "1070731935612198912", "name": "David Foster", "description": "Canadian musician, record producer, songwriter"}}, {"domain": {"id": "54", "name": "Musician", "description": "A musician in the world, like Adele or Bob Dylan"}, "entity": {"id": "1070731935612198912", "name": "David Foster", "description": "Canadian musician, record producer, songwriter"}}]}, {"source": "Twitter for iPhone", "conversation_id": "1471808169630392327", "text": "\u201cLa verit\u00e0 ti render\u00e0 libero. 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El primero de temas muy intelectuales, el segundo de muy banales.", "unwound_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9nkvtV8MMM&t=5s"}]}, "source": "Twitter Web App", "conversation_id": "1473262330859429894", "text": "\u2728Premio al Mejor Documental\u2728@camaraabierta\n\"Peque\u00f1o Homenaje a David Foster Wallace\" de \u00d3scar Villasante\nhttps://t.co/758gXJJsrc", "created_at": "2021-12-21T12:29:26.000Z", "lang": "es", "in_reply_to_user_id": "161988497", "reply_settings": "everyone", "author_id": "161988497", "id": "1473269378565160974", "possibly_sensitive": false, "referenced_tweets": [{"type": "replied_to", "id": "1473268624597168133"}], "public_metrics": {"retweet_count": 1, "reply_count": 0, "like_count": 2, "quote_count": 0}, "context_annotations": [{"domain": {"id": "10", "name": "Person", "description": "Named people in the world like Nelson Mandela"}, "entity": {"id": "1070731935612198912", "name": "David Foster", "description": "Canadian musician, record producer, songwriter"}}, {"domain": {"id": "54", "name": "Musician", "description": "A musician in the world, like Adele or Bob Dylan"}, "entity": {"id": "1070731935612198912", "name": "David Foster", "description": "Canadian musician, record producer, songwriter"}}]}, {"source": "Twitter for iPhone", "conversation_id": "1472984031864279045", "attachments": {"media_keys": ["3_1472987836517339136"]}, "entities": {"mentions": [{"start": 0, "end": 10, "username": "jdceulaer", "id": "292945752"}, {"start": 11, "end": 26, "username": "WimOosterlinck", "id": "53060760"}], "urls": [{"start": 49, "end": 72, "url": "https://t.co/pFDY3OjlEU", "expanded_url": "https://twitter.com/TomA3aenssens/status/1472987840288116740/photo/1", "display_url": "pic.twitter.com/pFDY3OjlEU"}]}, "text": "@jdceulaer @WimOosterlinck Ik gok op Bultinck.\n\ud83d\ude05 https://t.co/pFDY3OjlEU", "created_at": "2021-12-20T17:50:42.000Z", "lang": "nl", "in_reply_to_user_id": "292945752", "reply_settings": "everyone", "author_id": "1189576208", "id": "1472987840288116740", "possibly_sensitive": false, "referenced_tweets": [{"type": "replied_to", "id": "1472984904023658502"}], "public_metrics": {"retweet_count": 0, "reply_count": 1, "like_count": 8, "quote_count": 0}, "context_annotations": [{"domain": {"id": "3", "name": "TV Shows", "description": "Television shows from around the world"}, "entity": {"id": "10029436825", "name": "Gok : le\u00e7ons de style"}}]}, {"source": "Twitter Web App", "conversation_id": "1472600656787742725", "entities": {"mentions": [{"start": 0, "end": 16, "username": "TheLastSisyphus", "id": "340072715"}]}, "text": "@TheLastSisyphus I read this one but unfortunately not what I need. I appreciate the link though, brother \ud83d\ude4f", "created_at": "2021-12-19T16:28:08.000Z", "lang": "en", "in_reply_to_user_id": "340072715", "reply_settings": "everyone", "author_id": "1357934563838812161", "id": "1472604673962037250", "possibly_sensitive": false, "referenced_tweets": [{"type": "replied_to", "id": "1472601979729981447"}], "public_metrics": {"retweet_count": 0, "reply_count": 1, "like_count": 1, "quote_count": 0}}, {"entities": {"annotations": [{"start": 114, "end": 130, "probability": 0.9954, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "Alfredo Rodr\u00edguez"}, {"start": 173, "end": 209, "probability": 0.7925, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "Kelly M Grandal Ana Teresa Rodr\u00edguez"}, {"start": 214, "end": 218, "probability": 0.5481, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "Riera"}, {"start": 260, "end": 272, "probability": 0.9384, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "Truman Capote"}], "mentions": [{"start": 18, "end": 25, "username": "Unimet", "id": "32280530"}, {"start": 155, "end": 171, "username": "Aglaia_Berlutti", "id": "45840741"}, {"start": 222, "end": 230, "username": "yoyiahu", "id": "62674070"}], "urls": [{"start": 274, "end": 297, "url": "https://t.co/c2y1pSLJCS", "expanded_url": "https://twitter.com/velazquera/status/1471895454103314433/photo/1", "display_url": "pic.twitter.com/c2y1pSLJCS"}]}, "source": "Twitter for Android", "conversation_id": "1471895454103314433", "attachments": {"media_keys": ["3_1471895448835215364"]}, "text": "Nueva publicaci\u00f3n @Unimet en f\u00edsico con ensayos sobre Literatura norteamericana\nGracias a nuestro editor profesor Alfredo Rodr\u00edguez y a la colaboraci\u00f3n de @Aglaia_Berlutti  Kelly M Grandal  Ana Teresa Rodr\u00edguez de Riera y @yoyiahu \nEl m\u00edo es sobre el terrible Truman Capote https://t.co/c2y1pSLJCS", "created_at": "2021-12-17T17:29:57.000Z", "lang": "es", "reply_settings": "everyone", "author_id": "796004142007324672", "id": "1471895454103314433", "possibly_sensitive": false, "public_metrics": {"retweet_count": 10, "reply_count": 3, "like_count": 31, "quote_count": 1}, "context_annotations": [{"domain": {"id": "65", "name": "Interests and Hobbies Vertical", "description": "Top level interests and hobbies groupings, like Food or Travel"}, "entity": {"id": "1280550787207147521", "name": "Arts & culture"}}]}, {"entities": {"annotations": [{"start": 31, "end": 50, "probability": 0.9629, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "Paul Thomas Anderson"}, {"start": 65, "end": 68, "probability": 0.962, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "Lynn"}, {"start": 77, "end": 90, "probability": 0.9166, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "Ernie Anderson"}, {"start": 117, "end": 119, "probability": 0.8978, "type": "Organization", "normalized_text": "ABC"}, {"start": 122, "end": 130, "probability": 0.4358, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "Ghoulardi"}, {"start": 135, "end": 143, "probability": 0.8304, "type": "Place", "normalized_text": "Cleveland"}, {"start": 178, "end": 181, "probability": 0.6344, "type": "Organization", "normalized_text": "WCVB"}], "mentions": [{"start": 0, "end": 9, "username": "JahHills", "id": "29092660"}]}, "source": "Twitter Web App", "conversation_id": "1471842268072095754", "text": "@JahHills I love the fact that Paul Thomas Anderson\u2019s father was Lynn native Ernie Anderson, the promo announcer for ABC, Ghoulardi in Cleveland and an announcer for the news on WCVB 5.", "created_at": "2021-12-17T13:58:36.000Z", "lang": "en", "in_reply_to_user_id": "29092660", "reply_settings": "everyone", "author_id": "1681097215", "id": "1471842268072095754", "possibly_sensitive": false, "public_metrics": {"retweet_count": 0, "reply_count": 1, "like_count": 2, "quote_count": 0}, "context_annotations": [{"domain": {"id": "45", "name": "Brand Vertical", "description": "Top level entities that describe a Brands industry"}, "entity": {"id": "781974597310615553", "name": "Entertainment"}}, {"domain": {"id": "46", "name": "Brand Category", "description": "Categories within Brand Verticals that narrow down the scope of Brands"}, "entity": {"id": "781974596157181956", "name": "Online Site"}}, {"domain": {"id": "46", "name": "Brand Category", "description": "Categories within Brand Verticals that narrow down the scope of Brands"}, "entity": {"id": "781974597105094656", "name": "TV/Movies Related"}}, {"domain": {"id": "47", "name": "Brand", "description": "Brands and Companies"}, "entity": {"id": "1065650820518051840", "name": "ABC News", "description": "ABC News"}}]}], "media": [{"type": "photo", "alt_text": "A close-up of a tennis ball resting on a tennis court in front of a net. 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melaniewalsh/Intro-Cultural-AnalyticsThe tweets and tweet metadata above are being printed to the notebook. But we want to save this information to a file so we can work with it.

To output Twitter data to a file, we can also include a filename with the “.jsonl” file extension, which stands for JSON lines, a special kind of JSON file.

!twarc2 search "David Foster Wallace is:verified" twitter-data/dfw_last_week.jsonl
100%|██████████████████| Processed 6 days/6 days [00:00<00:00, 13 tweets total ]

Theoretically, a tweet with “David,” “Foster”, and “Wallace” in different places would be matched by the more general search above. If we wanted to match the words “David Foster Wallace” exactly, we would need to put “David Foster Wallace” in quotation marks and “escape” those quotation marks, so that twarc2 will know that our query shouldn’t end at the next quotation mark.

!twarc2 search "\"David Foster Wallace\" is:verified" twitter-data/dfw_exact.jsonl
100%|██████████████████| Processed 6 days/6 days [00:00<00:00, 13 tweets total ]

If you’re working on a Mac, you should be able to escape the quotation marks with backslashes \ before the characters, as shown in the example above. But if you’re working on a Windows computer, you may need to use triple quotations instead, for example:

twarc2 search """ "David Foster Wallace" is:verified""" twitter-data/dfw_exact.jsonl

Get Tweets (Academic Track, Full Twitter Archive)#

Attention

Remember that this functionality is only available to those who have an [Academic Research account](https://developer.twitter.com/en/products/twitter-api/academic-research).

To collect tweets from Twitter’s entire historical archive, we need to add the --archive flag.

!twarc2 search "David Foster Wallace bro is:verified" --archive twitter-data/dfw_bro.jsonl
100%|██████████████| Processed 15 years/15 years [00:01<00:00, 30 tweets total ]

Convert JSONL to CSV#

To make our Twitter data easier to work with, we can convert our JSONL file to a CSV file with the twarc-csv plugin, which needs to be installed separately.

!pip install twarc-csv

Once installed, we can use the plug-in from twarc2 with the input filename for the JSONL and a desired output filename for the CSV file.

!twarc2 csv twitter-data/dfw_bro.jsonl twitter-data/dfw_bro.csv
100%|██████████████| Processed 83.7k/83.7k of input file [00:00<00:00, 2.51MB/s]

ℹ️
Parsed 30 tweets objects from 1 lines in the input file.
Wrote 30 rows and output 74 columns in the CSV.

By default, when converting from the JSONL file, twarc-csv will only include tweets that were directly returned from the search.

If you want you can also use --inline-referenced-tweets option to make “referenced” tweets into their own rows in the CSV file. For example, if a quote tweet matched our query, the tweet being quoted would also be included in the CSV file as its own row, even if it didn’t match our query. But as of v0.5.0 of twarc-csv this is no longer the default behavior.

Read in CSV#

Now we’re ready to explore the data!

To work with our tweet data, we can read in our CSV file with pandas and again parse the date column.

tweets_df = pd.read_csv('twitter-data/dfw_bro.csv',
                        parse_dates = ['created_at'])

If we scroll through this dataset, we can see that there are only 29 tweets that matched our search query, but there is a lot of metadata associated with each tweet. Scroll to the right to see all the information. What category surprises you the most? (For me, it’s the tweet author’s pinned tweet from their own timeline. Your pinned tweet gets attached to everything else you tweet!)

tweets_df
id conversation_id referenced_tweets.replied_to.id referenced_tweets.retweeted.id referenced_tweets.quoted.id author_id in_reply_to_user_id retweeted_user_id quoted_user_id created_at text lang source public_metrics.like_count public_metrics.quote_count public_metrics.reply_count public_metrics.retweet_count reply_settings possibly_sensitive withheld.scope withheld.copyright withheld.country_codes entities.annotations entities.cashtags entities.hashtags entities.mentions entities.urls context_annotations attachments.media attachments.media_keys attachments.poll.duration_minutes attachments.poll.end_datetime attachments.poll.id attachments.poll.options attachments.poll.voting_status attachments.poll_ids author.id author.created_at author.username author.name author.description author.entities.description.cashtags author.entities.description.hashtags author.entities.description.mentions author.entities.description.urls author.entities.url.urls author.location author.pinned_tweet_id author.profile_image_url author.protected author.public_metrics.followers_count author.public_metrics.following_count author.public_metrics.listed_count author.public_metrics.tweet_count author.url author.verified author.withheld.scope author.withheld.copyright author.withheld.country_codes geo.coordinates.coordinates geo.coordinates.type geo.country geo.country_code geo.full_name geo.geo.bbox geo.geo.type geo.id geo.name geo.place_id geo.place_type __twarc.retrieved_at __twarc.url __twarc.version Unnamed: 73
0 1465671187497840642 1465671183370637315 1.465671e+18 NaN NaN 78173848 78173848.0 NaN NaN 2021-11-30 13:16:56+00:00 It has little to do with the gender of the author, protagonist, etc. Olga Tokarczuk is just as appealing to male readers as David Foster Wallace (who is considered 'bro lit'). It seems to be more directly related, interestingly enough, to the postmodernist divide in literature. en Twitter Web App 0 0 1 0 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 69, "end": 82, "probability": 0.9898, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "Olga Tokarczuk"}, {"start": 124, "end": 143, "probability": 0.9596, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}] NaN NaN NaN NaN [{"domain": {"id": "10", "name": "Person", "description": "Named people in the world like Nelson Mandela"}, "entity": {"id": "1070731935612198912", "name": "David Foster", "description": "Canadian musician, record producer, songwriter"}}, {"domain": {"id": "54", "name": "Musician", "description": "A musician in the world, like Adele or Bob Dylan"}, "entity": {"id": "1070731935612198912", "name... NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 78173848 2009-09-29T00:58:33.000Z TJCarpenterShow Terry Wayne Carpenter, Jr. Writer; shitposting. NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Denver, CO 1.263100e+18 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1360259928091283457/REH2l3d-_normal.jpg False 7493 170 205 104059 NaN True NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
1 1412360883582418945 1412043478301880331 1.412361e+18 NaN NaN 342644076 82979289.0 NaN NaN 2021-07-06 10:40:49+00:00 @TomKealy2 @aveek18 @maybeavalon Imo the great twitter literature injustice is that it is david foster wallace and not him that is smeared as the dumb bro contemporary author en Twitter Web App 2 0 2 0 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 90, "end": 109, "probability": 0.89, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "david foster wallace"}] NaN NaN [{"start": 0, "end": 10, "username": "TomKealy2", "id": "82979289", "created_at": "2009-10-16T21:36:07.000Z", "description": "Digital Writer.", "public_metrics": {"followers_count": 1519, "following_count": 1291, "tweet_count": 65190, "listed_count": 25}, "protected": false, "location": "Berlin, Germany", "name": "TomKealy 1\ufe0f\u20e34\ufe0f\u20e39\ufe0f\u20e3\ud83d\udea2", "verified": false... NaN [{"domain": {"id": "46", "name": "Brand Category", "description": "Categories within Brand Verticals that narrow down the scope of Brands"}, "entity": {"id": "781974596752842752", "name": "Services"}}, {"domain": {"id": "47", "name": "Brand", "description": "Brands and Companies"}, "entity": {"id": "10045225402", "name": "Twitter"}}] NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 342644076 2011-07-26T10:41:54.000Z JeyyLowe Josh Lowe Policy-focused content guy. (Mostly) ex-journalist. Mediating between evidence and action at global data institute for child safety @EdinburghUni. Views mine. NaN NaN [{"start": 132, "end": 145, "username": "EdinburghUni"}] NaN [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "url": "https://t.co/HAkzf1bnPR", "expanded_url": "https://www.ed.ac.uk/impact/research/digital-life/making-data-count-against-child-abuse", "display_url": "ed.ac.uk/impact/researc\u2026"}] London, England 1.461288e+18 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1441561506634633221/qWUTnkEs_normal.jpg False 6190 3701 129 68000 https://t.co/HAkzf1bnPR True NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
2 1408833479304003589 1408773437431091202 1.408819e+18 NaN NaN 15639774 4282171.0 NaN NaN 2021-06-26 17:04:10+00:00 @page88 @IngrahamAngle I heard a tech bro quote a line about cruise ship wait staff from David Foster Wallace's A Supposedly Fun Thing and said it showed how DFW really believed in great customer service. en TweetDeck 11 0 1 0 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 89, "end": 108, "probability": 0.9731, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}, {"start": 158, "end": 160, "probability": 0.5814, "type": "Place", "normalized_text": "DFW"}] NaN NaN [{"start": 0, "end": 7, "username": "page88", "id": "4282171", "created_at": "2007-04-12T02:18:44.000Z", "description": "Columnist @WIRED & host of THIS IS CRITICAL @Stitcher. Sometimes @latimesopinion, @TheAtlantic, @nytimes. PhD fwiw. Join us at @thiscriticalpod.", "public_metrics": {"followers_count": 150610, "following_count": 4024, "tweet_count": 53115, "listed_count": 2427}, "protected"... NaN [{"domain": {"id": "10", "name": "Person", "description": "Named people in the world like Nelson Mandela"}, "entity": {"id": "1053753085489606656", "name": "Laura Ingraham", "description": "Laura Ingraham"}}, {"domain": {"id": "10", "name": "Person", "description": "Named people in the world like Nelson Mandela"}, "entity": {"id": "1070711281076715520", "name": "Virginia Heffernan", "descripti... NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 15639774 2008-07-29T00:34:43.000Z adamdavidson Adam Davidson Sharing the lessons I’ve learned from @ThisAmerLife @NewYorker and my baby, @planetmoney on how to make storytelling your superpower at https://t.co/QyMS00u10R NaN NaN [{"start": 38, "end": 51, "username": "ThisAmerLife"}, {"start": 52, "end": 62, "username": "NewYorker"}, {"start": 76, "end": 88, "username": "planetmoney"}] [{"start": 136, "end": 159, "url": "https://t.co/QyMS00u10R", "expanded_url": "http://www.masterfulstory.com", "display_url": "masterfulstory.com"}] [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "url": "https://t.co/P16tJd6SDa", "expanded_url": "https://www.masterfulstory.com/", "display_url": "masterfulstory.com"}] Charlotte, VT 1.462433e+18 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/793622420364165120/em1s6fZT_normal.jpg False 118449 2267 2137 9323 https://t.co/P16tJd6SDa True NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
3 1313590839977947136 1313590839977947136 NaN 1.313523e+18 NaN 602060212 NaN 602060212.0 NaN 2020-10-06 21:23:56+00:00 the guy who publicly makes a display of how much feminist literature he reads and waxes on how important bookshelf representation is at least 50% more likely to be a sexpest than the bro who just likes to vibe about david foster wallace and hemingway. this is science. https://t.co/QsvsVxBY15 en Twitter Web App 98 1 2 12 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 216, "end": 235, "probability": 0.9361, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "david foster wallace"}, {"start": 241, "end": 249, "probability": 0.6625, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "hemingway"}] NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 269, "end": 292, "url": "https://t.co/QsvsVxBY15", "expanded_url": "https://twitter.com/ebruenig/status/1313522459899985922", "display_url": "twitter.com/ebruenig/statu\u2026"}] NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 602060212 2012-06-07T17:38:18.000Z ben_geier Goy Division/Jew Order Journalist, writer, Brooklyn trash. We’re all hypocrites, but you’re a patriot. Married to my wife, dad to a baby. NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Brooklyn, NY 7.233185e+17 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1182430150920691712/Yt8LKrXl_normal.jpg False 12596 2981 128 47822 NaN False NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
4 1313523086424186881 1313523086424186881 NaN NaN NaN 602060212 NaN NaN NaN 2020-10-06 16:54:42+00:00 the guy who publicly makes a display of how much feminist literature he reads and waxes on how important bookshelf representation is at least 50% more likely to be a sexpest than the bro who just likes to vibe about david foster wallace and hemingway. this is science. https://t.co/QsvsVxBY15 en Twitter Web App 98 1 2 12 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 216, "end": 235, "probability": 0.9361, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "david foster wallace"}, {"start": 241, "end": 249, "probability": 0.6625, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "hemingway"}] NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 269, "end": 292, "url": "https://t.co/QsvsVxBY15", "expanded_url": "https://twitter.com/ebruenig/status/1313522459899985922", "display_url": "twitter.com/ebruenig/statu\u2026"}] NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 602060212 2012-06-07T17:38:18.000Z ben_geier Goy Division/Jew Order Journalist, writer, Brooklyn trash. We’re all hypocrites, but you’re a patriot. Married to my wife, dad to a baby. NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Brooklyn, NY 7.233185e+17 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1182430150920691712/Yt8LKrXl_normal.jpg False 12596 2981 128 47822 NaN False NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
5 1298060678432010240 1298060678432010240 NaN 1.297936e+18 NaN 23314192 NaN 236999725.0 NaN 2020-08-25 00:52:37+00:00 david foster wallace bro conversation again? i feel like by this point in the discourse i need footnotes! (just a little "insider" dfw humor for ya) en Twitter Web App 407 1 4 23 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 0, "end": 19, "probability": 0.7756, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "david foster wallace"}] NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 23314192 2009-03-08T14:49:07.000Z chrisdeville Chris DeVille Managing Editor, Stereogum // chris at stereogum dot com NaN NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "url": "https://t.co/3jEZqP2it0", "expanded_url": "http://www.stereogum.com", "display_url": "stereogum.com"}] Columbus 1.438875e+18 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000054104895/202f3a3d00921313b1da14a88b0733c9_normal.jpeg False 14133 995 271 23755 https://t.co/3jEZqP2it0 True NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
6 1297973554986639360 1297973554986639360 NaN 1.297936e+18 NaN 386056280 NaN 236999725.0 NaN 2020-08-24 19:06:25+00:00 david foster wallace bro conversation again? i feel like by this point in the discourse i need footnotes! (just a little "insider" dfw humor for ya) en Twitter for iPhone 407 1 4 23 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 0, "end": 19, "probability": 0.7756, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "david foster wallace"}] NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 386056280 2011-10-06T16:00:46.000Z MaraWilson Mara “Get Rid of the Nazis” Wilson On Instagram and Cameo more these days. For info or press please contact Heidi@positivejampr.com. Buy my book WHERE AM I NOW? https://t.co/olmpPDMQk3 NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 126, "end": 149, "url": "https://t.co/olmpPDMQk3", "expanded_url": "http://bit.ly/1UhjbDf", "display_url": "bit.ly/1UhjbDf"}] [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "url": "https://t.co/56W7HESHy8", "expanded_url": "http://mara.substack.com", "display_url": "mara.substack.com"}] L.A., mostly 1.346261e+18 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3379635204/9ac0e9d772744fe2fe68e852ada4fb57_normal.jpeg False 611442 6437 2785 174115 https://t.co/56W7HESHy8 True NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
7 1296466668898717696 1296458752657326081 1.296459e+18 NaN NaN 365438535 365438535.0 NaN NaN 2020-08-20 15:18:35+00:00 (Gonna out myself as an insufferable millennial bro and say David Foster Wallace—his maximalism expands my sense of what's possible on the page, as does his notorious blend of academic and colloquial prose. I swear the copy of INFINITE JEST on my shelf is not a display piece.) en Twitter Web App 14 0 1 0 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 60, "end": 79, "probability": 0.8772, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}, {"start": 227, "end": 239, "probability": 0.4009, "type": "Product", "normalized_text": "INFINITE JEST"}] NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 365438535 2011-08-31T12:57:37.000Z ben_a_goldfarb Ben Goldfarb Independent journalist on the #roadecology beat. Author of EAGER, an award-winning book about beaver belief. NaN [{"start": 30, "end": 42, "tag": "roadecology"}] NaN NaN [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "url": "https://t.co/nbpqLWoe9a", "expanded_url": "http://bengoldfarb.com/", "display_url": "bengoldfarb.com"}] Spokane, WA 1.336347e+18 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1339242927663370240/VoFRzC_X_normal.jpg False 9242 1999 262 12967 https://t.co/nbpqLWoe9a True NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
8 1259920233600479233 1259920233600479233 NaN NaN NaN 460444548 NaN NaN NaN 2020-05-11 18:56:06+00:00 This week for the MEL Review of Books, we had @leahrosenz talk to @adriennemiller about IN THE LAND OF MEN, a memoir of the dude snobbery she faced as the literary editor at Esquire while publishing the likes of David Foster Wallace: \nhttps://t.co/26WQYMgakO en Twitter Web App 9 0 1 1 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 18, "end": 36, "probability": 0.4401, "type": "Other", "normalized_text": "MEL Review of Books"}, {"start": 174, "end": 180, "probability": 0.9168, "type": "Organization", "normalized_text": "Esquire"}, {"start": 212, "end": 231, "probability": 0.9804, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}] NaN NaN [{"start": 46, "end": 57, "username": "leahrosenz", "id": "734174508", "created_at": "2012-08-03T04:40:47.000Z", "description": "writer, reporter, make believe historian \u2022 words in @slate @genmag @eater @lithub @catapult. extremely freckled lady \u2022 rosenzweig dot leah@gmail", "public_metrics": {"followers_count": 514, "following_count": 1234, "tweet_count": 3690, "listed_count": 9... [{"start": 239, "end": 262, "url": "https://t.co/26WQYMgakO", "expanded_url": "https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/how-adrienne-miller-made-it-in-the-1990s-heyday-of-the-postmodern-lit-bro", "display_url": "melmagazine.com/en-us/story/ho\u2026"}] [{"domain": {"id": "85", "name": "Book Genre", "description": "A genre for books, like Fiction"}, "entity": {"id": "859531094730825728", "name": "Biographies and memoirs", "description": "Biographies and memoirs"}}] NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 460444548 2012-01-10T19:27:50.000Z MilesKlee Miles Klee my followers are of the highest quality NaN NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "url": "https://t.co/cHBRAqU8ZO", "expanded_url": "https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/author/miles-klee", "display_url": "melmagazine.com/en-us/story/au\u2026"}] LA 1.387991e+18 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1446285855790755846/CQJmPbBv_normal.jpg False 26531 4995 212 57004 https://t.co/cHBRAqU8ZO True NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
9 1109105414849921029 1109105414849921029 NaN NaN 1.109073e+18 19197226 NaN NaN 19197226.0 2019-03-22 14:51:51+00:00 "The Great White Male is rap's Grand Inquisitor, its idiot questioner, its Alien Other no less than Reds were for McCarthy." -- David Foster Wallace, on his forays into Dorchester &amp; Roxbury's music scenes, 1989\n\n"I know bro, but still-" -- Brendan McGuirk, reflecting on it, 2019 https://t.co/lYJV5bU7yb en Twitter Web Client 1 0 1 0 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 100, "end": 103, "probability": 0.8276, "type": "Organization", "normalized_text": "Reds"}, {"start": 114, "end": 121, "probability": 0.8741, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "McCarthy"}, {"start": 128, "end": 147, "probability": 0.985, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}, {"start": 169, "end": 178, "probability": 0.6148, "type": "Place", "normalized_tex... NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 284, "end": 307, "url": "https://t.co/lYJV5bU7yb", "expanded_url": "https://twitter.com/BMcGfresh/status/1109072669025148929", "display_url": "twitter.com/BMcGfresh/stat\u2026"}] [{"domain": {"id": "55", "name": "Music Genre", "description": "A category for a musical style, like Pop, Rock, or Rap"}, "entity": {"id": "810937888334487552", "name": "Rap", "description": "Hip-Hop/Rap"}}] NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 19197226 2009-01-19T19:23:24.000Z BMcGfresh Brendan McGuirk checkpoint unlocked NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN “Boston”/ Somerville, Cambride 1.431119e+18 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1187459820825317376/uD2g6H_C_normal.jpg False 1268 2404 32 29910 NaN False NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
10 1075778924280471553 1075778924280471553 NaN NaN 1.075615e+18 398088661 NaN NaN 138203134.0 2018-12-20 15:44:17+00:00 Is—is Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez a David Foster Wallace bro? https://t.co/OcwGRUdWMV en Twitter for iPhone 54 3 3 4 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 6, "end": 22, "probability": 0.9307, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "Alexandria Ocasio"}, {"start": 24, "end": 29, "probability": 0.5206, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "Cortez"}, {"start": 33, "end": 52, "probability": 0.8046, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}] NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 59, "end": 82, "url": "https://t.co/OcwGRUdWMV", "expanded_url": "https://twitter.com/AOC/status/1075614808853110785", "display_url": "twitter.com/AOC/status/107\u2026"}] [{"domain": {"id": "10", "name": "Person", "description": "Named people in the world like Nelson Mandela"}, "entity": {"id": "1011963575089262593", "name": "Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez", "description": "US Representative from New York Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez"}}, {"domain": {"id": "35", "name": "Politician", "description": "Politicians in the world, like Joe Biden"}, "entity": {"id": "10119635750... NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 398088661 2011-10-25T15:20:25.000Z MEPFuller Matt Fuller Politics stuff at The Daily Beast. Take these tweets seriously but not literally. NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Washington, D.C. NaN https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1372212210521542658/g83KiBSY_normal.jpg False 243473 4243 3471 68255 NaN True NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
11 995487617549512704 995487617549512704 NaN NaN NaN 1000899020 NaN NaN NaN 2018-05-13 02:15:17+00:00 I got kicked out of KGB Bar in the LES for arguing with a lit bro that David Foster Wallace is a better writer than Thomas Pynchon. https://t.co/iQLxduLtEN en Twitter for iPhone 43 0 12 0 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 20, "end": 26, "probability": 0.6016, "type": "Organization", "normalized_text": "KGB Bar"}, {"start": 71, "end": 90, "probability": 0.9265, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}, {"start": 116, "end": 129, "probability": 0.9987, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "Thomas Pynchon"}] NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 132, "end": 155, "url": "https://t.co/iQLxduLtEN", "expanded_url": "https://twitter.com/bkerogers/status/994737256211648512", "display_url": "twitter.com/bkerogers/stat\u2026"}] NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 1000899020 2012-12-10T04:28:43.000Z nandelabra Nandini B. writer | copy editor | bylines: Wired, Defector, TX Observer, Pacific Standard, Slate, The Week, Ebert Voices, Lit Hub, TNR, Harper’s et al. | she/her | NaN NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "url": "https://t.co/roZvHNAj4r", "expanded_url": "https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/film-tv/a38539663/amrit-kaur-sex-lives-of-college-girls-interview/", "display_url": "harpersbazaar.com/culture/film-t\u2026"}] Texas 5.968889e+17 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1300802944443576322/rq62G8QT_normal.jpg False 7506 1018 107 310196 https://t.co/roZvHNAj4r True NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
12 898246334804787202 898246334804787202 NaN 8.982432e+17 NaN 19608605 NaN 275829938.0 NaN 2017-08-17 18:13:09+00:00 UPDATE: I met a "Have you read David Foster Wallace?" bro at law school. It only took four days, fam. FOUR. en TweetDeck 12 0 2 1 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 31, "end": 50, "probability": 0.9482, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}] NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 19608605 2009-01-27T19:01:11.000Z thesarahkelly sarah Editor, mostly copy, @sinow. Diversity fellow, @APSE_sportmedia. Previously: @WaPoExpress, @SBNation, @theeagle. Lawrence native, KU grad. Trajan sucks. NaN NaN [{"start": 21, "end": 27, "username": "sinow"}, {"start": 47, "end": 63, "username": "APSE_sportmedia"}, {"start": 77, "end": 89, "username": "WaPoExpress"}, {"start": 91, "end": 100, "username": "SBNation"}, {"start": 102, "end": 111, "username": "theeagle"}] NaN [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "url": "https://t.co/mJv97A4ukN", "expanded_url": "http://pubtbnl.com", "display_url": "pubtbnl.com"}] District of Columbia NaN https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1432685329262202880/GVsXHJpr_normal.jpg False 12456 3037 172 268232 https://t.co/mJv97A4ukN True NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
13 844552567522820096 844552567522820096 NaN NaN NaN 15649438 NaN NaN NaN 2017-03-22 14:13:17+00:00 "David Foster Wallace is essentially the same as skiing and cigars now.” https://t.co/GPCbgdBL3e en TweetDeck 14 3 2 4 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 1, "end": 20, "probability": 0.9252, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}] NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 73, "end": 96, "url": "https://t.co/GPCbgdBL3e", "expanded_url": "https://newrepublic.com/minutes/141498/neil-gorsuch-will-first-lit-bro-supreme-court-justice", "display_url": "newrepublic.com/minutes/141498\u2026", "status": 200, "unwound_url": "https://newrepublic.com/minutes/141498/neil-gorsuch-will-first-lit-bro-supreme-court-justice"}] NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 15649438 2008-07-29T18:39:26.000Z theferocity Saeed Jones I’m chaotic and always right. ✨Forthcoming: ALIVE AT THE END OF THE WORLD, Fall 2022. ✨Previously: HOW WE FIGHT FOR OUR LIVES. Reps: @TuesdayAgency @SheedyLit. NaN NaN [{"start": 133, "end": 147, "username": "TuesdayAgency"}, {"start": 148, "end": 158, "username": "SheedyLit"}] NaN [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "url": "https://t.co/ZxMTYThmyn", "expanded_url": "http://saeedjones.substack.com", "display_url": "saeedjones.substack.com"}] Columbus, OH 1.460278e+18 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1463168071703707655/b2OybFGc_normal.jpg False 220907 939 1738 227013 https://t.co/ZxMTYThmyn True NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
14 760889024403873792 760889024403873792 NaN NaN NaN 193477066 NaN NaN NaN 2016-08-03 17:24:14+00:00 New theory: Bernie Bro holdouts are exactly the same people as David Foster Wallace fanatics. Yes? en Twitter Web Client 14 0 2 0 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 12, "end": 17, "probability": 0.8566, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "Bernie"}, {"start": 63, "end": 82, "probability": 0.958, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}] NaN NaN NaN NaN [{"domain": {"id": "35", "name": "Politician", "description": "Politicians in the world, like Joe Biden"}, "entity": {"id": "10037721459", "name": "Bernie Sanders", "description": "US Senator Bernie Sanders (VT)\n"}}, {"domain": {"id": "38", "name": "Political Race", "description": ""}, "entity": {"id": "10037066629", "name": "2016 US Elections", "description": "2016 US Elections"}}] NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 193477066 2010-09-21T22:36:55.000Z rebeccamakkai Rebecca Makkai Pulitzer & Nat'l Book Award finalist, winner of ALA Carnegie Medal for THE GREAT BELIEVERS. Artistic Director at @storystudio. She/her. Daughter of a refugee. NaN NaN [{"start": 113, "end": 125, "username": "storystudio"}] NaN [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "url": "https://t.co/KuRhUDS3Ej", "expanded_url": "http://www.rebeccamakkai.com", "display_url": "rebeccamakkai.com"}] Chicago 1.466140e+18 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1200639503112769536/4E9lQ4o6_normal.jpg False 37361 3104 421 25587 https://t.co/KuRhUDS3Ej True NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
15 733665498148294657 733665146216779776 7.336651e+17 NaN NaN 398088661 398088661.0 NaN NaN 2016-05-20 14:27:40+00:00 Am I a David Foster Wallace bro? Very well, I'm a David Foster Wallace bro. en Twitter for iPhone 2 0 1 1 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 7, "end": 26, "probability": 0.9195, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}, {"start": 50, "end": 69, "probability": 0.9235, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}] NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 398088661 2011-10-25T15:20:25.000Z MEPFuller Matt Fuller Politics stuff at The Daily Beast. Take these tweets seriously but not literally. NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Washington, D.C. NaN https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1372212210521542658/g83KiBSY_normal.jpg False 243473 4243 3471 68255 NaN True NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
16 694224894805032964 694224894805032964 NaN NaN NaN 605556917 NaN NaN NaN 2016-02-01 18:24:47+00:00 David Foster Wallace sucks and this is a great review of interminable jest, via @Bro_Pair https://t.co/hxGFGY6D3Z en TweetDeck 6 0 0 0 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 0, "end": 19, "probability": 0.9365, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}] NaN NaN [{"start": 80, "end": 89, "username": "Bro_Pair", "id": "56309136", "created_at": "2009-07-13T06:45:31.000Z", "description": "\"...All cats are wicked, though often useful. Who has not seen Satan in their sly faces?\"\n\nSUBSCRIBE TO MY @GHOST NEWSLETTER! https://t.co/aBXZ1krlUh", "public_metrics": {"followers_count": 53149, "following_count": 1889, "tweet_count": 3508, "listed_count": 849}, "... [{"start": 90, "end": 113, "url": "https://t.co/hxGFGY6D3Z", "expanded_url": "http://www.cosmoetica.com/b326-des266.htm", "display_url": "cosmoetica.com/b326-des266.htm"}] NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 605556917 2012-06-11T16:37:29.000Z deep_beige Brendan james Co-host and producer @Blowbackpod. "The Great Vorelli" \nbjames0928@gmail.com NaN NaN [{"start": 21, "end": 33, "username": "Blowbackpod"}] NaN [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "url": "https://t.co/43nJI3NwmR", "expanded_url": "https://open.spotify.com/artist/6T2Z3aTfHhGUSVV98su64B?si=65t1FbjRSzmpQDSIgJm5Vw&dl_branch=1", "display_url": "open.spotify.com/artist/6T2Z3aT\u2026"}] Joe Don Baker Museum 1.410032e+18 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1453502026797752328/B8uZ1NsJ_normal.jpg False 73139 2382 635 52048 https://t.co/43nJI3NwmR True NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
17 686753187727044609 686753187727044609 NaN NaN NaN 56993835 NaN NaN NaN 2016-01-12 03:34:53+00:00 "Bro stop being such a David Foster Wallace footnote" en Twitter for iPhone 2 0 1 0 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 23, "end": 42, "probability": 0.9363, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}] NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 56993835 2009-07-15T11:42:30.000Z Dooezer Mary Dooe podcast creator. MBA. quite contrary. founder of Dooe Diligence Media. past work @marketplace @wbur @nprwest @wgbh @harvardbiz @iheartradio. https://t.co/514RH9nvyk NaN NaN [{"start": 81, "end": 93, "username": "marketplace"}, {"start": 94, "end": 99, "username": "wbur"}, {"start": 100, "end": 108, "username": "nprwest"}, {"start": 109, "end": 114, "username": "wgbh"}, {"start": 115, "end": 126, "username": "harvardbiz"}, {"start": 127, "end": 139, "username": "iheartradio"}] [{"start": 141, "end": 164, "url": "https://t.co/514RH9nvyk", "expanded_url": "http://marydooe.com", "display_url": "marydooe.com"}] NaN East Coast 6.135466e+17 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1335449532084137986/SbMbv2ZT_normal.jpg False 4394 1079 147 46178 NaN True NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
18 644308060937265152 644308060937265152 NaN 6.443079e+17 NaN 61734492 NaN 398088661.0 NaN 2015-09-17 00:33:07+00:00 Did Carly Fiorina just make a David Foster Wallace reference?\n\nIs Carly Fiorina a David Foster Wallace bro?? en Twitter Web Client 12 0 0 5 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 4, "end": 16, "probability": 0.9955, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "Carly Fiorina"}, {"start": 30, "end": 49, "probability": 0.9285, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}, {"start": 66, "end": 78, "probability": 0.9941, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "Carly Fiorina"}, {"start": 82, "end": 101, "probability": 0.9103, "type": "Person", "normalized_t... NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 61734492 2009-07-31T09:29:37.000Z Fahrenthold David Fahrenthold Washington Post reporter, covering former President Trump's businesses. MSNBC contributor. If you don't want it printed, don't let it happen. NaN NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "url": "https://t.co/fJMCeIYylK", "expanded_url": "http://www.washingtonpost.com", "display_url": "washingtonpost.com"}] Washington, DC NaN https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1021824606087331841/_gPQBRax_normal.jpg False 837670 5583 9482 52817 https://t.co/fJMCeIYylK True NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
19 644307992901517312 644307992901517312 NaN 6.443079e+17 NaN 22330423 NaN 398088661.0 NaN 2015-09-17 00:32:50+00:00 Did Carly Fiorina just make a David Foster Wallace reference?\n\nIs Carly Fiorina a David Foster Wallace bro?? en Twitter for iPhone 12 0 0 5 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 4, "end": 16, "probability": 0.9955, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "Carly Fiorina"}, {"start": 30, "end": 49, "probability": 0.9285, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}, {"start": 66, "end": 78, "probability": 0.9941, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "Carly Fiorina"}, {"start": 82, "end": 101, "probability": 0.9103, "type": "Person", "normalized_t... NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 22330423 2009-03-01T04:12:01.000Z ColinACurtis Colin Curtis Dem hack | Alum of campaigns, legislatures, & unions | BBQ enthusiast | Occasional writer | Gamer | Royals & Chiefs fan | Dotte / Kansan turned DC dweller NaN NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "url": "https://t.co/q8x9QutSUm", "expanded_url": "https://www.twitch.tv/adg913", "display_url": "twitch.tv/adg913"}] Washington, DC NaN https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1455343198134579201/Fy6TrHJZ_normal.jpg False 7506 1471 223 69201 https://t.co/q8x9QutSUm True NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
20 644307901830561793 644307901830561793 NaN NaN NaN 398088661 NaN NaN NaN 2015-09-17 00:32:29+00:00 Did Carly Fiorina just make a David Foster Wallace reference?\n\nIs Carly Fiorina a David Foster Wallace bro?? en Twitter for iPhone 12 0 0 5 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 4, "end": 16, "probability": 0.9955, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "Carly Fiorina"}, {"start": 30, "end": 49, "probability": 0.9285, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}, {"start": 66, "end": 78, "probability": 0.9941, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "Carly Fiorina"}, {"start": 82, "end": 101, "probability": 0.9103, "type": "Person", "normalized_t... NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 398088661 2011-10-25T15:20:25.000Z MEPFuller Matt Fuller Politics stuff at The Daily Beast. Take these tweets seriously but not literally. NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Washington, D.C. NaN https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1372212210521542658/g83KiBSY_normal.jpg False 243473 4243 3471 68255 NaN True NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
21 632152536636608512 632152536636608512 NaN NaN NaN 19816859 NaN NaN NaN 2015-08-14 11:31:24+00:00 "David Foster Wallace was not a bro: Let’s not paint the writer with the same brush as his fans" | Salon http://t.co/t4FqgmoyVz en Hootsuite 19 0 0 10 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 1, "end": 20, "probability": 0.9133, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}] NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 105, "end": 127, "url": "http://t.co/t4FqgmoyVz", "expanded_url": "http://pwne.ws/1fbCjQB", "display_url": "pwne.ws/1fbCjQB", "status": 200, "unwound_url": "https://www.salon.com/2015/08/13/david_foster_wallace_was_not_a_bro_lets_not_paint_the_writer_with_the_same_brush_as_his_fans/"}] NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 19816859 2009-01-31T14:38:55.000Z PublishersWkly Publishers Weekly The international source for book publishing and bookselling news, reviews, and information. NaN NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "url": "https://t.co/cR5ERFihe5", "expanded_url": "http://www.publishersweekly.com/", "display_url": "publishersweekly.com"}] New York City NaN https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/472046796202459136/7aCV2gq3_normal.jpeg False 806586 605 11718 81057 https://t.co/cR5ERFihe5 True NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
22 631931489769390080 631931489769390080 NaN NaN NaN 16955991 NaN NaN NaN 2015-08-13 20:53:02+00:00 David Foster Wallace was *not* a bro: Don't paint the writer with the same brush as his fans http://t.co/vZvwEien22 en SocialFlow 16 0 3 10 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 0, "end": 19, "probability": 0.9181, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}] NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 93, "end": 115, "url": "http://t.co/vZvwEien22", "expanded_url": "http://slnm.us/QwmAbPX", "display_url": "slnm.us/QwmAbPX"}] NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 16955991 2008-10-24T20:13:31.000Z Salon Salon The original online source for news, politics and entertainment | Find us on Instagram & TikTok: salonofficial | Subscribe to our newsletters linked below NaN NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "url": "https://t.co/v7CORYKFyC", "expanded_url": "https://www.salon.com/newsletter", "display_url": "salon.com/newsletter"}] NaN 1.471924e+18 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/793144947444707328/obBB1x2a_normal.jpg False 965887 5871 0 238960 https://t.co/v7CORYKFyC True NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
23 631828145105162240 631828145105162240 NaN 6.318255e+17 NaN 89805327 NaN 19923638.0 NaN 2015-08-13 14:02:23+00:00 You probably know a bro who says he loves David Foster Wallace: http://t.co/3KfOlw2UR6 http://t.co/xNI9tbF02p en Twitter for iPhone 5 0 0 7 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 42, "end": 61, "probability": 0.9218, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}] NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 64, "end": 86, "url": "http://t.co/3KfOlw2UR6", "expanded_url": "http://thecut.io/1Plvg4X", "display_url": "thecut.io/1Plvg4X"}, {"start": 87, "end": 109, "url": "http://t.co/xNI9tbF02p", "expanded_url": "https://twitter.com/TheCut/status/631825543202213889/photo/1", "display_url": "pic.twitter.com/xNI9tbF02p"}] NaN [{"url": "https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CMSx-8XWcAAnkK-.jpg", "type": "photo", "media_key": "3_631825542652784640", "height": 400, "width": 600}] ["3_631825542652784640"] NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 89805327 2009-11-13T22:07:38.000Z Gwen_UsBeauty Gwen Flamberg Beauty, style and lifestyle influencer. Red Carpet beauty and style expert and makeup addict. Tweets are my own. NaN NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "url": "https://t.co/Zz45dZzxqJ", "expanded_url": "http://www.usmagazine.com/stylebeauty/beauty-trendwatch", "display_url": "usmagazine.com/stylebeauty/be\u2026"}] Everywhere it's beautiful NaN https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/525378071/gwen_normal.jpg False 36087 2133 472 71681 https://t.co/Zz45dZzxqJ True NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
24 631825643441901568 631825643441901568 NaN 6.318255e+17 NaN 1101966512 NaN 19923638.0 NaN 2015-08-13 13:52:26+00:00 You probably know a bro who says he loves David Foster Wallace: http://t.co/3KfOlw2UR6 http://t.co/xNI9tbF02p en TweetDeck 5 0 0 7 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 42, "end": 61, "probability": 0.9218, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}] NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 64, "end": 86, "url": "http://t.co/3KfOlw2UR6", "expanded_url": "http://thecut.io/1Plvg4X", "display_url": "thecut.io/1Plvg4X"}, {"start": 87, "end": 109, "url": "http://t.co/xNI9tbF02p", "expanded_url": "https://twitter.com/TheCut/status/631825543202213889/photo/1", "display_url": "pic.twitter.com/xNI9tbF02p"}] NaN [{"url": "https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CMSx-8XWcAAnkK-.jpg", "type": "photo", "media_key": "3_631825542652784640", "height": 400, "width": 600}] ["3_631825542652784640"] NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 1101966512 2013-01-18T20:40:41.000Z Blumsteinboy Ian Harrison Decolonize it all. 🇬🇾 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Tiohtià:ke/Montréal NaN https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/934550443723771904/3rjskH7W_normal.jpg False 1631 1388 52 15962 NaN True NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
25 631825543202213889 631825543202213889 NaN NaN NaN 19923638 NaN NaN NaN 2015-08-13 13:52:02+00:00 You probably know a bro who says he loves David Foster Wallace: http://t.co/3KfOlw2UR6 http://t.co/xNI9tbF02p en SocialFlow 5 0 0 7 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 42, "end": 61, "probability": 0.9218, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}] NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 64, "end": 86, "url": "http://t.co/3KfOlw2UR6", "expanded_url": "http://thecut.io/1Plvg4X", "display_url": "thecut.io/1Plvg4X"}, {"start": 87, "end": 109, "url": "http://t.co/xNI9tbF02p", "expanded_url": "https://twitter.com/TheCut/status/631825543202213889/photo/1", "display_url": "pic.twitter.com/xNI9tbF02p"}] NaN [{"url": "https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CMSx-8XWcAAnkK-.jpg", "type": "photo", "media_key": "3_631825542652784640", "height": 400, "width": 600}] ["3_631825542652784640"] NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 19923638 2009-02-02T19:13:01.000Z TheCut The Cut Style. Self. Culture. Power.\nFind us on Instagram: @TheCut\nSubscribe to New York for more: https://t.co/1OtjTJftYM NaN NaN [{"start": 51, "end": 58, "username": "TheCut"}] [{"start": 91, "end": 114, "url": "https://t.co/1OtjTJftYM", "expanded_url": "http://nymag.com/subscribe", "display_url": "nymag.com/subscribe"}] [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "url": "https://t.co/LXYpRGXBZm", "expanded_url": "https://thecut.com", "display_url": "thecut.com"}] New York, NY 1.466436e+18 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/899259308445020161/OL2Y5xmv_normal.jpg False 1425875 4307 10273 219635 https://t.co/LXYpRGXBZm True NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
26 631820349290774528 631820349290774528 NaN 6.318203e+17 NaN 24512235 NaN 13566872.0 NaN 2015-08-13 13:31:24+00:00 All men are bad but are David Foster Wallace fans a special kind of bad? http://t.co/w5KOvJBcui http://t.co/yBhOr3aPjy en TweetDeck 27 0 3 8 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 24, "end": 43, "probability": 0.931, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}] NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 73, "end": 95, "url": "http://t.co/w5KOvJBcui", "expanded_url": "http://www.theawl.com/2015/08/the-bro-of-the-system", "display_url": "theawl.com/2015/08/the-br\u2026"}, {"start": 96, "end": 118, "url": "http://t.co/yBhOr3aPjy", "expanded_url": "https://twitter.com/Awl/status/631820274330136576/photo/1", "display_url": "pic.twitter.com/yBhOr3aPjy"}] NaN [{"url": "https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CMStMPvXAAA5a1J.jpg", "type": "photo", "media_key": "3_631820273633918976", "height": 235, "width": 278}] ["3_631820273633918976"] NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 24512235 2009-03-15T11:34:04.000Z sts10 Sam Schlinkert Content Programming Editor at @CNNplus. Sometimes programmer. NaN NaN [{"start": 30, "end": 38, "username": "CNNplus"}] NaN [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "url": "https://t.co/BJNkskvCIp", "expanded_url": "https://www.samschlinkert.com", "display_url": "samschlinkert.com"}] New York, NY NaN https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/698574801842126849/Zm-Vsr3u_normal.png False 4118 1247 145 24526 https://t.co/BJNkskvCIp True NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
27 545020559248343040 545020559248343040 NaN NaN NaN 415297424 NaN NaN NaN 2014-12-17 01:00:01+00:00 My blog bro David (@BDsCocktailHour) reacts to David Foster Wallace's teaching Gessner. With footnotes. #BillandDaves http://t.co/gU84ybdk2C en Twitter Web Client 0 0 0 1 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 12, "end": 16, "probability": 0.9019, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David"}, {"start": 47, "end": 66, "probability": 0.9475, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "David Foster Wallace"}] NaN [{"start": 104, "end": 117, "tag": "BillandDaves"}] NaN [{"start": 118, "end": 140, "url": "http://t.co/gU84ybdk2C", "expanded_url": "http://billanddavescocktailhour.com/a-few-footnotes-on-david-foster-wallace-putting-me-on-his-syllabus/", "display_url": "billanddavescocktailhour.com/a-few-footnote\u2026"}] NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 415297424 2011-11-18T04:44:11.000Z billroorbach Bill Roorbach I'm a good writer with bad habits. Next novel is LUCKY TURTLE. Last three were THE GIRL OF THE LAKE,THE REMEDY FOR LOVE and LIFE AMONG GIANTS, all Algonquin Bks NaN NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "url": "https://t.co/Rchi3d2r2h", "expanded_url": "http://billanddavescocktailhour.com/", "display_url": "billanddavescocktailhour.com"}] Western Maine, USA 1.470842e+18 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2507562193/9g6zj946bsc6xkeeon1m_normal.jpeg False 3107 1261 78 11306 https://t.co/Rchi3d2r2h True NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
28 270661455727165442 270661455727165442 NaN NaN NaN 15022464 NaN NaN NaN 2012-11-19 22:54:54+00:00 Ayn Rand too, bro RT @SUPSLA: of couuuuuuuuurse david foster wallace is quoted. en TweetDeck 0 0 0 0 everyone False NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 0, "end": 7, "probability": 0.6927, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "Ayn Rand"}, {"start": 48, "end": 67, "probability": 0.7967, "type": "Person", "normalized_text": "david foster wallace"}] NaN NaN [{"start": 21, "end": 28, "username": "supsla", "id": "42003947", "created_at": "2009-05-23T09:46:59.000Z", "description": "", "public_metrics": {"followers_count": 257, "following_count": 281, "tweet_count": 8311, "listed_count": 10}, "protected": false, "name": "in these unprecedented times", "verified": false, "url": "", "profile_image_url": "https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/12472297709... NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 15022464 2008-06-05T19:46:53.000Z stephaniemlee Stephanie M. Lee Science reporter, BuzzFeed News / not here right now / stephanie.lee@buzzfeed.com NaN NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "url": "https://t.co/G5wTIiUozJ", "expanded_url": "http://stephaniemlee.com", "display_url": "stephaniemlee.com"}] San Francisco 1.450152e+18 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1466860232529743874/0J4IVS8E_normal.jpg False 22351 1972 916 18502 https://t.co/G5wTIiUozJ True NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN
29 146330510422048768 146329543211368449 1.463295e+17 NaN NaN 15644695 85877346.0 NaN NaN 2011-12-12 20:48:07+00:00 @MelodicRecords chillax brother, we all gud. Put another blunt on the barbie 'n' go wid th' flo bro. Dude man... http://t.co/q0RUmv12 en Twitter Web Client 0 0 1 0 everyone False NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 0, "end": 15, "username": "MelodicRecords", "id": "85877346", "created_at": "2009-10-28T18:23:46.000Z", "description": "Independent Record Label - https://t.co/FxPLZYOQkn\nCheck out @MelodicEULabels for European Distribution, Press and Label Services.", "public_metrics": {"followers_count": 3644, "following_count": 2973, "tweet_count": 8403, "listed_count": 100}, "protected": false,... [{"start": 113, "end": 133, "url": "http://t.co/q0RUmv12", "expanded_url": "http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/21/magazine/another-thing-to-sort-of-pin-on-david-foster-wallace.html?pagewanted=all", "display_url": "nytimes.com/2011/08/21/mag\u2026"}] NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 15644695 2008-07-29T11:04:18.000Z DrownedinSound Drowned in Sound ⚓️ Opinions On Music Since October 2000. An online community NaN NaN NaN NaN [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "url": "https://t.co/JzYUcrN524", "expanded_url": "http://drownedinsound.com", "display_url": "drownedinsound.com"}] London 1.433813e+18 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/826686320881840128/Pgs_4vPo_normal.jpg False 101072 1873 2717 36341 https://t.co/JzYUcrN524 True NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2021-12-23T14:37:25+00:00 https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?expansions=author_id%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Creferenced_tweets.id%2Creferenced_tweets.id.author_id%2Centities.mentions.username%2Cattachments.poll_ids%2Cattachments.media_keys%2Cgeo.place_id&tweet.fields=attachments%2Cauthor_id%2Ccontext_annotations%2Cconversation_id%2Ccreated_at%2Centities%2Cgeo%2Cid%2Cin_reply_to_user_id%2Clang%2Cpublic_metrics%2Ct... 2.8.2 NaN

If we ask for a list of all the columns in the DataFrame, we can see that there are more than 90 columns here!

tweets_df.columns
Index(['id', 'created_at', 'text', 'attachments.media',
       'attachments.media_keys', 'attachments.poll.duration_minutes',
       'attachments.poll.end_datetime', 'attachments.poll.id',
       'attachments.poll.options', 'attachments.poll.voting_status',
       'attachments.poll_ids', 'author.id', 'author.created_at',
       'author.username', 'author.name', 'author.description',
       'author.entities.description.cashtags',
       'author.entities.description.hashtags',
       'author.entities.description.mentions',
       'author.entities.description.urls', 'author.entities.url.urls',
       'author.location', 'author.pinned_tweet_id', 'author.profile_image_url',
       'author.protected', 'author.public_metrics.followers_count',
       'author.public_metrics.following_count',
       'author.public_metrics.listed_count',
       'author.public_metrics.tweet_count', 'author.url', 'author.verified',
       'author.withheld.scope', 'author.withheld.copyright',
       'author.withheld.country_codes', 'author_id', 'context_annotations',
       'conversation_id', 'entities.annotations', 'entities.cashtags',
       'entities.hashtags', 'entities.mentions', 'entities.urls',
       'geo.coordinates.coordinates', 'geo.coordinates.type', 'geo.country',
       'geo.country_code', 'geo.full_name', 'geo.geo.bbox', 'geo.geo.type',
       'geo.id', 'geo.name', 'geo.place_id', 'geo.place_type',
       'in_reply_to_user.id', 'in_reply_to_user.created_at',
       'in_reply_to_user.username', 'in_reply_to_user.name',
       'in_reply_to_user.description',
       'in_reply_to_user.entities.description.cashtags',
       'in_reply_to_user.entities.description.hashtags',
       'in_reply_to_user.entities.description.mentions',
       'in_reply_to_user.entities.description.urls',
       'in_reply_to_user.entities.url.urls', 'in_reply_to_user.location',
       'in_reply_to_user.pinned_tweet_id',
       'in_reply_to_user.profile_image_url', 'in_reply_to_user.protected',
       'in_reply_to_user.public_metrics.followers_count',
       'in_reply_to_user.public_metrics.following_count',
       'in_reply_to_user.public_metrics.listed_count',
       'in_reply_to_user.public_metrics.tweet_count', 'in_reply_to_user.url',
       'in_reply_to_user.verified', 'in_reply_to_user.withheld.scope',
       'in_reply_to_user.withheld.copyright',
       'in_reply_to_user.withheld.country_codes', 'in_reply_to_user_id',
       'lang', 'possibly_sensitive', 'public_metrics.like_count',
       'public_metrics.quote_count', 'public_metrics.reply_count',
       'public_metrics.retweet_count', 'referenced_tweets', 'reply_settings',
       'source', 'withheld.scope', 'withheld.copyright',
       'withheld.country_codes', 'type', '__twarc.retrieved_at', '__twarc.url',
       '__twarc.version', 'Unnamed: 93'],
      dtype='object')

As you experiment with the query syntax provided by the Twitter API you should make a habit of scanning through your collected Twitter data to ensure that your API query and subsequent manipulations are returning the data that you expect and want. If you notice tweets you don’t expect return to examine your query to see if you can explain why those tweets are turning up. If you can’t find an adequate explanation you might want to ask in the Twitter Community Forum.

Extract Tweet and Media URLs#

We can make some Python functions that will create a tweet URL based on each tweet’s unique ID as well as extract an image URL if one exists.

# Make Tweet URL
def make_tweet_url(tweets):
    # Get username
    username = tweets[0]
    # Get tweet ID
    tweet_id = tweets[1]
    # Make tweet URL
    tweet_url = f"https://twitter.com/{username}/status/{tweet_id}"
    return tweet_url

# Extract Image URL
from ast import literal_eval
def get_image_url(media):
    # if not NaN or {}
    if type(media) != float and media != '{}':
        # Convert to an actual Python list, not just a string
        media =  literal_eval(media)
        media = media[0]
         # Extract media url if it exists
        if 'url' in media.keys():
            return media['url']
    else:
        return "No Image URL"

Here we apply the above Python functions to the relevant columns to create new columns.

tweets_df['tweet_url'] = tweets_df[['author.username', 'id']].apply(make_tweet_url, axis='columns')
tweets_df['media'] = tweets_df['attachments.media'].apply(get_image_url)

Rename and Select Columns#

To make the data more readable, we’re going to rename a number of columns.

tweets_df.rename(columns={'created_at': 'date',
                          'public_metrics.retweet_count': 'retweets', 
                          'author.username': 'username', 
                          'author.name': 'name',
                          'author.verified': 'verified', 
                          'public_metrics.like_count': 'likes', 
                          'public_metrics.quote_count': 'quotes', 
                          'public_metrics.reply_count': 'replies',
                           'author.description': 'user_bio'},
                            inplace=True)

Then we’re only going to select the columns that we’re interested. Depending on your project and research question, you should change and customize these categories.

tweets_df = tweets_df[['date', 'username', 'name', 'verified', 'text', 'retweets',
           'likes', 'replies',  'quotes', 'tweet_url', 'media', 'user_bio']]

Now we can view our more focused DataFrame!

tweets_df
date username name verified text retweets likes replies quotes tweet_url media user_bio
0 2021-11-30 13:16:56+00:00 TJCarpenterShow Terry Wayne Carpenter, Jr. True It has little to do with the gender of the author, protagonist, etc. Olga Tokarczuk is just as appealing to male readers as David Foster Wallace (who is considered 'bro lit'). It seems to be more directly related, interestingly enough, to the postmodernist divide in literature. 0 0 1 0 https://twitter.com/TJCarpenterShow/status/1465671187497840642 No Image URL Writer; shitposting.
1 2021-07-06 10:40:49+00:00 JeyyLowe Josh Lowe True @TomKealy2 @aveek18 @maybeavalon Imo the great twitter literature injustice is that it is david foster wallace and not him that is smeared as the dumb bro contemporary author 0 2 2 0 https://twitter.com/JeyyLowe/status/1412360883582418945 No Image URL Policy-focused content guy. (Mostly) ex-journalist. Mediating between evidence and action at global data institute for child safety @EdinburghUni. Views mine.
2 2021-06-26 17:04:10+00:00 adamdavidson Adam Davidson True @page88 @IngrahamAngle I heard a tech bro quote a line about cruise ship wait staff from David Foster Wallace's A Supposedly Fun Thing and said it showed how DFW really believed in great customer service. 0 11 1 0 https://twitter.com/adamdavidson/status/1408833479304003589 No Image URL Sharing the lessons I’ve learned from @ThisAmerLife @NewYorker and my baby, @planetmoney on how to make storytelling your superpower at https://t.co/QyMS00u10R
3 2020-10-06 21:23:56+00:00 ben_geier Goy Division/Jew Order False the guy who publicly makes a display of how much feminist literature he reads and waxes on how important bookshelf representation is at least 50% more likely to be a sexpest than the bro who just likes to vibe about david foster wallace and hemingway. this is science. https://t.co/QsvsVxBY15 12 98 2 1 https://twitter.com/ben_geier/status/1313590839977947136 No Image URL Journalist, writer, Brooklyn trash. We’re all hypocrites, but you’re a patriot. Married to my wife, dad to a baby.
4 2020-10-06 16:54:42+00:00 ben_geier Goy Division/Jew Order False the guy who publicly makes a display of how much feminist literature he reads and waxes on how important bookshelf representation is at least 50% more likely to be a sexpest than the bro who just likes to vibe about david foster wallace and hemingway. this is science. https://t.co/QsvsVxBY15 12 98 2 1 https://twitter.com/ben_geier/status/1313523086424186881 No Image URL Journalist, writer, Brooklyn trash. We’re all hypocrites, but you’re a patriot. Married to my wife, dad to a baby.
5 2020-08-25 00:52:37+00:00 chrisdeville Chris DeVille True david foster wallace bro conversation again? i feel like by this point in the discourse i need footnotes! (just a little "insider" dfw humor for ya) 23 407 4 1 https://twitter.com/chrisdeville/status/1298060678432010240 No Image URL Managing Editor, Stereogum // chris at stereogum dot com
6 2020-08-24 19:06:25+00:00 MaraWilson Mara “Get Rid of the Nazis” Wilson True david foster wallace bro conversation again? i feel like by this point in the discourse i need footnotes! (just a little "insider" dfw humor for ya) 23 407 4 1 https://twitter.com/MaraWilson/status/1297973554986639360 No Image URL On Instagram and Cameo more these days. For info or press please contact Heidi@positivejampr.com. Buy my book WHERE AM I NOW? https://t.co/olmpPDMQk3
7 2020-08-20 15:18:35+00:00 ben_a_goldfarb Ben Goldfarb True (Gonna out myself as an insufferable millennial bro and say David Foster Wallace—his maximalism expands my sense of what's possible on the page, as does his notorious blend of academic and colloquial prose. I swear the copy of INFINITE JEST on my shelf is not a display piece.) 0 14 1 0 https://twitter.com/ben_a_goldfarb/status/1296466668898717696 No Image URL Independent journalist on the #roadecology beat. Author of EAGER, an award-winning book about beaver belief.
8 2020-05-11 18:56:06+00:00 MilesKlee Miles Klee True This week for the MEL Review of Books, we had @leahrosenz talk to @adriennemiller about IN THE LAND OF MEN, a memoir of the dude snobbery she faced as the literary editor at Esquire while publishing the likes of David Foster Wallace: \nhttps://t.co/26WQYMgakO 1 9 1 0 https://twitter.com/MilesKlee/status/1259920233600479233 No Image URL my followers are of the highest quality
9 2019-03-22 14:51:51+00:00 BMcGfresh Brendan McGuirk False "The Great White Male is rap's Grand Inquisitor, its idiot questioner, its Alien Other no less than Reds were for McCarthy." -- David Foster Wallace, on his forays into Dorchester &amp; Roxbury's music scenes, 1989\n\n"I know bro, but still-" -- Brendan McGuirk, reflecting on it, 2019 https://t.co/lYJV5bU7yb 0 1 1 0 https://twitter.com/BMcGfresh/status/1109105414849921029 No Image URL checkpoint unlocked
10 2018-12-20 15:44:17+00:00 MEPFuller Matt Fuller True Is—is Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez a David Foster Wallace bro? https://t.co/OcwGRUdWMV 4 54 3 3 https://twitter.com/MEPFuller/status/1075778924280471553 No Image URL Politics stuff at The Daily Beast. Take these tweets seriously but not literally.
11 2018-05-13 02:15:17+00:00 nandelabra Nandini B. True I got kicked out of KGB Bar in the LES for arguing with a lit bro that David Foster Wallace is a better writer than Thomas Pynchon. https://t.co/iQLxduLtEN 0 43 12 0 https://twitter.com/nandelabra/status/995487617549512704 No Image URL writer | copy editor | bylines: Wired, Defector, TX Observer, Pacific Standard, Slate, The Week, Ebert Voices, Lit Hub, TNR, Harper’s et al. | she/her |
12 2017-08-17 18:13:09+00:00 thesarahkelly sarah True UPDATE: I met a "Have you read David Foster Wallace?" bro at law school. It only took four days, fam. FOUR. 1 12 2 0 https://twitter.com/thesarahkelly/status/898246334804787202 No Image URL Editor, mostly copy, @sinow. Diversity fellow, @APSE_sportmedia. Previously: @WaPoExpress, @SBNation, @theeagle. Lawrence native, KU grad. Trajan sucks.
13 2017-03-22 14:13:17+00:00 theferocity Saeed Jones True "David Foster Wallace is essentially the same as skiing and cigars now.” https://t.co/GPCbgdBL3e 4 14 2 3 https://twitter.com/theferocity/status/844552567522820096 No Image URL I’m chaotic and always right. ✨Forthcoming: ALIVE AT THE END OF THE WORLD, Fall 2022. ✨Previously: HOW WE FIGHT FOR OUR LIVES. Reps: @TuesdayAgency @SheedyLit.
14 2016-08-03 17:24:14+00:00 rebeccamakkai Rebecca Makkai True New theory: Bernie Bro holdouts are exactly the same people as David Foster Wallace fanatics. Yes? 0 14 2 0 https://twitter.com/rebeccamakkai/status/760889024403873792 No Image URL Pulitzer & Nat'l Book Award finalist, winner of ALA Carnegie Medal for THE GREAT BELIEVERS. Artistic Director at @storystudio. She/her. Daughter of a refugee.
15 2016-05-20 14:27:40+00:00 MEPFuller Matt Fuller True Am I a David Foster Wallace bro? Very well, I'm a David Foster Wallace bro. 1 2 1 0 https://twitter.com/MEPFuller/status/733665498148294657 No Image URL Politics stuff at The Daily Beast. Take these tweets seriously but not literally.
16 2016-02-01 18:24:47+00:00 deep_beige Brendan james True David Foster Wallace sucks and this is a great review of interminable jest, via @Bro_Pair https://t.co/hxGFGY6D3Z 0 6 0 0 https://twitter.com/deep_beige/status/694224894805032964 No Image URL Co-host and producer @Blowbackpod. "The Great Vorelli" \nbjames0928@gmail.com
17 2016-01-12 03:34:53+00:00 Dooezer Mary Dooe True "Bro stop being such a David Foster Wallace footnote" 0 2 1 0 https://twitter.com/Dooezer/status/686753187727044609 No Image URL podcast creator. MBA. quite contrary. founder of Dooe Diligence Media. past work @marketplace @wbur @nprwest @wgbh @harvardbiz @iheartradio. https://t.co/514RH9nvyk
18 2015-09-17 00:33:07+00:00 Fahrenthold David Fahrenthold True Did Carly Fiorina just make a David Foster Wallace reference?\n\nIs Carly Fiorina a David Foster Wallace bro?? 5 12 0 0 https://twitter.com/Fahrenthold/status/644308060937265152 No Image URL Washington Post reporter, covering former President Trump's businesses. MSNBC contributor. If you don't want it printed, don't let it happen.
19 2015-09-17 00:32:50+00:00 ColinACurtis Colin Curtis True Did Carly Fiorina just make a David Foster Wallace reference?\n\nIs Carly Fiorina a David Foster Wallace bro?? 5 12 0 0 https://twitter.com/ColinACurtis/status/644307992901517312 No Image URL Dem hack | Alum of campaigns, legislatures, & unions | BBQ enthusiast | Occasional writer | Gamer | Royals & Chiefs fan | Dotte / Kansan turned DC dweller
20 2015-09-17 00:32:29+00:00 MEPFuller Matt Fuller True Did Carly Fiorina just make a David Foster Wallace reference?\n\nIs Carly Fiorina a David Foster Wallace bro?? 5 12 0 0 https://twitter.com/MEPFuller/status/644307901830561793 No Image URL Politics stuff at The Daily Beast. Take these tweets seriously but not literally.
21 2015-08-14 11:31:24+00:00 PublishersWkly Publishers Weekly True "David Foster Wallace was not a bro: Let’s not paint the writer with the same brush as his fans" | Salon http://t.co/t4FqgmoyVz 10 19 0 0 https://twitter.com/PublishersWkly/status/632152536636608512 No Image URL The international source for book publishing and bookselling news, reviews, and information.
22 2015-08-13 20:53:02+00:00 Salon Salon True David Foster Wallace was *not* a bro: Don't paint the writer with the same brush as his fans http://t.co/vZvwEien22 10 16 3 0 https://twitter.com/Salon/status/631931489769390080 No Image URL The original online source for news, politics and entertainment | Find us on Instagram & TikTok: salonofficial | Subscribe to our newsletters linked below
23 2015-08-13 14:02:23+00:00 Gwen_UsBeauty Gwen Flamberg True You probably know a bro who says he loves David Foster Wallace: http://t.co/3KfOlw2UR6 http://t.co/xNI9tbF02p 7 5 0 0 https://twitter.com/Gwen_UsBeauty/status/631828145105162240 https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CMSx-8XWcAAnkK-.jpg Beauty, style and lifestyle influencer. Red Carpet beauty and style expert and makeup addict. Tweets are my own.
24 2015-08-13 13:52:26+00:00 Blumsteinboy Ian Harrison True You probably know a bro who says he loves David Foster Wallace: http://t.co/3KfOlw2UR6 http://t.co/xNI9tbF02p 7 5 0 0 https://twitter.com/Blumsteinboy/status/631825643441901568 https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CMSx-8XWcAAnkK-.jpg Decolonize it all. 🇬🇾
25 2015-08-13 13:52:02+00:00 TheCut The Cut True You probably know a bro who says he loves David Foster Wallace: http://t.co/3KfOlw2UR6 http://t.co/xNI9tbF02p 7 5 0 0 https://twitter.com/TheCut/status/631825543202213889 https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CMSx-8XWcAAnkK-.jpg Style. Self. Culture. Power.\nFind us on Instagram: @TheCut\nSubscribe to New York for more: https://t.co/1OtjTJftYM
26 2015-08-13 13:31:24+00:00 sts10 Sam Schlinkert True All men are bad but are David Foster Wallace fans a special kind of bad? http://t.co/w5KOvJBcui http://t.co/yBhOr3aPjy 8 27 3 0 https://twitter.com/sts10/status/631820349290774528 https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CMStMPvXAAA5a1J.jpg Content Programming Editor at @CNNplus. Sometimes programmer.
27 2014-12-17 01:00:01+00:00 billroorbach Bill Roorbach True My blog bro David (@BDsCocktailHour) reacts to David Foster Wallace's teaching Gessner. With footnotes. #BillandDaves http://t.co/gU84ybdk2C 1 0 0 0 https://twitter.com/billroorbach/status/545020559248343040 No Image URL I'm a good writer with bad habits. Next novel is LUCKY TURTLE. Last three were THE GIRL OF THE LAKE,THE REMEDY FOR LOVE and LIFE AMONG GIANTS, all Algonquin Bks
28 2012-11-19 22:54:54+00:00 stephaniemlee Stephanie M. Lee True Ayn Rand too, bro RT @SUPSLA: of couuuuuuuuurse david foster wallace is quoted. 0 0 0 0 https://twitter.com/stephaniemlee/status/270661455727165442 No Image URL Science reporter, BuzzFeed News / not here right now / stephanie.lee@buzzfeed.com
29 2011-12-12 20:48:07+00:00 DrownedinSound Drowned in Sound ⚓️ True @MelodicRecords chillax brother, we all gud. Put another blunt on the barbie 'n' go wid th' flo bro. Dude man... http://t.co/q0RUmv12 0 0 1 0 https://twitter.com/DrownedinSound/status/146330510422048768 No Image URL Opinions On Music Since October 2000. An online community

Sort By Top Retweets#

We can sort by number of retweets to see the most circulated tweets. Let’s examine the top 5.

tweets_df.sort_values(by='retweets', ascending=False)[:5]
date username name verified text retweets likes replies quotes tweet_url media user_bio
5 2020-08-25 00:52:37+00:00 chrisdeville Chris DeVille True david foster wallace bro conversation again? i feel like by this point in the discourse i need footnotes! (just a little "insider" dfw humor for ya) 23 407 4 1 https://twitter.com/chrisdeville/status/1298060678432010240 No Image URL Managing Editor, Stereogum // chris at stereogum dot com
6 2020-08-24 19:06:25+00:00 MaraWilson Mara “Get Rid of the Nazis” Wilson True david foster wallace bro conversation again? i feel like by this point in the discourse i need footnotes! (just a little "insider" dfw humor for ya) 23 407 4 1 https://twitter.com/MaraWilson/status/1297973554986639360 No Image URL On Instagram and Cameo more these days. For info or press please contact Heidi@positivejampr.com. Buy my book WHERE AM I NOW? https://t.co/olmpPDMQk3
3 2020-10-06 21:23:56+00:00 ben_geier Goy Division/Jew Order False the guy who publicly makes a display of how much feminist literature he reads and waxes on how important bookshelf representation is at least 50% more likely to be a sexpest than the bro who just likes to vibe about david foster wallace and hemingway. this is science. https://t.co/QsvsVxBY15 12 98 2 1 https://twitter.com/ben_geier/status/1313590839977947136 No Image URL Journalist, writer, Brooklyn trash. We’re all hypocrites, but you’re a patriot. Married to my wife, dad to a baby.
4 2020-10-06 16:54:42+00:00 ben_geier Goy Division/Jew Order False the guy who publicly makes a display of how much feminist literature he reads and waxes on how important bookshelf representation is at least 50% more likely to be a sexpest than the bro who just likes to vibe about david foster wallace and hemingway. this is science. https://t.co/QsvsVxBY15 12 98 2 1 https://twitter.com/ben_geier/status/1313523086424186881 No Image URL Journalist, writer, Brooklyn trash. We’re all hypocrites, but you’re a patriot. Married to my wife, dad to a baby.
21 2015-08-14 11:31:24+00:00 PublishersWkly Publishers Weekly True "David Foster Wallace was not a bro: Let’s not paint the writer with the same brush as his fans" | Salon http://t.co/t4FqgmoyVz 10 19 0 0 https://twitter.com/PublishersWkly/status/632152536636608512 No Image URL The international source for book publishing and bookselling news, reviews, and information.

Here is the most retweeted tweet in this dataset:

Sort By Date#

We can sort from the earliest tweets to the latest tweets. Let’s examine the earliest 5 tweets.

tweets_df.sort_values(by='date', ascending=True)[:5]
date username name verified text retweets likes replies quotes tweet_url media user_bio
29 2011-12-12 20:48:07+00:00 DrownedinSound Drowned in Sound ⚓️ True @MelodicRecords chillax brother, we all gud. Put another blunt on the barbie 'n' go wid th' flo bro. Dude man... http://t.co/q0RUmv12 0 0 1 0 https://twitter.com/DrownedinSound/status/146330510422048768 No Image URL Opinions On Music Since October 2000. An online community
28 2012-11-19 22:54:54+00:00 stephaniemlee Stephanie M. Lee True Ayn Rand too, bro RT @SUPSLA: of couuuuuuuuurse david foster wallace is quoted. 0 0 0 0 https://twitter.com/stephaniemlee/status/270661455727165442 No Image URL Science reporter, BuzzFeed News / not here right now / stephanie.lee@buzzfeed.com
27 2014-12-17 01:00:01+00:00 billroorbach Bill Roorbach True My blog bro David (@BDsCocktailHour) reacts to David Foster Wallace's teaching Gessner. With footnotes. #BillandDaves http://t.co/gU84ybdk2C 1 0 0 0 https://twitter.com/billroorbach/status/545020559248343040 No Image URL I'm a good writer with bad habits. Next novel is LUCKY TURTLE. Last three were THE GIRL OF THE LAKE,THE REMEDY FOR LOVE and LIFE AMONG GIANTS, all Algonquin Bks
26 2015-08-13 13:31:24+00:00 sts10 Sam Schlinkert True All men are bad but are David Foster Wallace fans a special kind of bad? http://t.co/w5KOvJBcui http://t.co/yBhOr3aPjy 8 27 3 0 https://twitter.com/sts10/status/631820349290774528 https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CMStMPvXAAA5a1J.jpg Content Programming Editor at @CNNplus. Sometimes programmer.
25 2015-08-13 13:52:02+00:00 TheCut The Cut True You probably know a bro who says he loves David Foster Wallace: http://t.co/3KfOlw2UR6 http://t.co/xNI9tbF02p 7 5 0 0 https://twitter.com/TheCut/status/631825543202213889 https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CMSx-8XWcAAnkK-.jpg Style. Self. Culture. Power.\nFind us on Instagram: @TheCut\nSubscribe to New York for more: https://t.co/1OtjTJftYM

The earliest tweet in this dataset is from the music label Melodic Records:

Plot Tweets Over Time#

An easy way to create a plot of tweets over time is to add a column with a 1 for every row, which we can use to count how many tweets were published per day, week, month, or year.

tweets_df = tweets_df.assign(count=1)

We also need to set the date column to the index so we can do some special date manipulations.

tweets_df = tweets_df.set_index('date')
tweets_df
username name verified text retweets likes replies quotes tweet_url media user_bio count
date
2021-11-30 13:16:56+00:00 TJCarpenterShow Terry Wayne Carpenter, Jr. True It has little to do with the gender of the author, protagonist, etc. Olga Tokarczuk is just as appealing to male readers as David Foster Wallace (who is considered 'bro lit'). It seems to be more directly related, interestingly enough, to the postmodernist divide in literature. 0 0 1 0 https://twitter.com/TJCarpenterShow/status/1465671187497840642 No Image URL Writer; shitposting. 1
2021-07-06 10:40:49+00:00 JeyyLowe Josh Lowe True @TomKealy2 @aveek18 @maybeavalon Imo the great twitter literature injustice is that it is david foster wallace and not him that is smeared as the dumb bro contemporary author 0 2 2 0 https://twitter.com/JeyyLowe/status/1412360883582418945 No Image URL Policy-focused content guy. (Mostly) ex-journalist. Mediating between evidence and action at global data institute for child safety @EdinburghUni. Views mine. 1
2021-06-26 17:04:10+00:00 adamdavidson Adam Davidson True @page88 @IngrahamAngle I heard a tech bro quote a line about cruise ship wait staff from David Foster Wallace's A Supposedly Fun Thing and said it showed how DFW really believed in great customer service. 0 11 1 0 https://twitter.com/adamdavidson/status/1408833479304003589 No Image URL Sharing the lessons I’ve learned from @ThisAmerLife @NewYorker and my baby, @planetmoney on how to make storytelling your superpower at https://t.co/QyMS00u10R 1
2020-10-06 21:23:56+00:00 ben_geier Goy Division/Jew Order False the guy who publicly makes a display of how much feminist literature he reads and waxes on how important bookshelf representation is at least 50% more likely to be a sexpest than the bro who just likes to vibe about david foster wallace and hemingway. this is science. https://t.co/QsvsVxBY15 12 98 2 1 https://twitter.com/ben_geier/status/1313590839977947136 No Image URL Journalist, writer, Brooklyn trash. We’re all hypocrites, but you’re a patriot. Married to my wife, dad to a baby. 1
2020-10-06 16:54:42+00:00 ben_geier Goy Division/Jew Order False the guy who publicly makes a display of how much feminist literature he reads and waxes on how important bookshelf representation is at least 50% more likely to be a sexpest than the bro who just likes to vibe about david foster wallace and hemingway. this is science. https://t.co/QsvsVxBY15 12 98 2 1 https://twitter.com/ben_geier/status/1313523086424186881 No Image URL Journalist, writer, Brooklyn trash. We’re all hypocrites, but you’re a patriot. Married to my wife, dad to a baby. 1
2020-08-25 00:52:37+00:00 chrisdeville Chris DeVille True david foster wallace bro conversation again? i feel like by this point in the discourse i need footnotes! (just a little "insider" dfw humor for ya) 23 407 4 1 https://twitter.com/chrisdeville/status/1298060678432010240 No Image URL Managing Editor, Stereogum // chris at stereogum dot com 1
2020-08-24 19:06:25+00:00 MaraWilson Mara “Get Rid of the Nazis” Wilson True david foster wallace bro conversation again? i feel like by this point in the discourse i need footnotes! (just a little "insider" dfw humor for ya) 23 407 4 1 https://twitter.com/MaraWilson/status/1297973554986639360 No Image URL On Instagram and Cameo more these days. For info or press please contact Heidi@positivejampr.com. Buy my book WHERE AM I NOW? https://t.co/olmpPDMQk3 1
2020-08-20 15:18:35+00:00 ben_a_goldfarb Ben Goldfarb True (Gonna out myself as an insufferable millennial bro and say David Foster Wallace—his maximalism expands my sense of what's possible on the page, as does his notorious blend of academic and colloquial prose. I swear the copy of INFINITE JEST on my shelf is not a display piece.) 0 14 1 0 https://twitter.com/ben_a_goldfarb/status/1296466668898717696 No Image URL Independent journalist on the #roadecology beat. Author of EAGER, an award-winning book about beaver belief. 1
2020-05-11 18:56:06+00:00 MilesKlee Miles Klee True This week for the MEL Review of Books, we had @leahrosenz talk to @adriennemiller about IN THE LAND OF MEN, a memoir of the dude snobbery she faced as the literary editor at Esquire while publishing the likes of David Foster Wallace: \nhttps://t.co/26WQYMgakO 1 9 1 0 https://twitter.com/MilesKlee/status/1259920233600479233 No Image URL my followers are of the highest quality 1
2019-03-22 14:51:51+00:00 BMcGfresh Brendan McGuirk False "The Great White Male is rap's Grand Inquisitor, its idiot questioner, its Alien Other no less than Reds were for McCarthy." -- David Foster Wallace, on his forays into Dorchester &amp; Roxbury's music scenes, 1989\n\n"I know bro, but still-" -- Brendan McGuirk, reflecting on it, 2019 https://t.co/lYJV5bU7yb 0 1 1 0 https://twitter.com/BMcGfresh/status/1109105414849921029 No Image URL checkpoint unlocked 1
2018-12-20 15:44:17+00:00 MEPFuller Matt Fuller True Is—is Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez a David Foster Wallace bro? https://t.co/OcwGRUdWMV 4 54 3 3 https://twitter.com/MEPFuller/status/1075778924280471553 No Image URL Politics stuff at The Daily Beast. Take these tweets seriously but not literally. 1
2018-05-13 02:15:17+00:00 nandelabra Nandini B. True I got kicked out of KGB Bar in the LES for arguing with a lit bro that David Foster Wallace is a better writer than Thomas Pynchon. https://t.co/iQLxduLtEN 0 43 12 0 https://twitter.com/nandelabra/status/995487617549512704 No Image URL writer | copy editor | bylines: Wired, Defector, TX Observer, Pacific Standard, Slate, The Week, Ebert Voices, Lit Hub, TNR, Harper’s et al. | she/her | 1
2017-08-17 18:13:09+00:00 thesarahkelly sarah True UPDATE: I met a "Have you read David Foster Wallace?" bro at law school. It only took four days, fam. FOUR. 1 12 2 0 https://twitter.com/thesarahkelly/status/898246334804787202 No Image URL Editor, mostly copy, @sinow. Diversity fellow, @APSE_sportmedia. Previously: @WaPoExpress, @SBNation, @theeagle. Lawrence native, KU grad. Trajan sucks. 1
2017-03-22 14:13:17+00:00 theferocity Saeed Jones True "David Foster Wallace is essentially the same as skiing and cigars now.” https://t.co/GPCbgdBL3e 4 14 2 3 https://twitter.com/theferocity/status/844552567522820096 No Image URL I’m chaotic and always right. ✨Forthcoming: ALIVE AT THE END OF THE WORLD, Fall 2022. ✨Previously: HOW WE FIGHT FOR OUR LIVES. Reps: @TuesdayAgency @SheedyLit. 1
2016-08-03 17:24:14+00:00 rebeccamakkai Rebecca Makkai True New theory: Bernie Bro holdouts are exactly the same people as David Foster Wallace fanatics. Yes? 0 14 2 0 https://twitter.com/rebeccamakkai/status/760889024403873792 No Image URL Pulitzer & Nat'l Book Award finalist, winner of ALA Carnegie Medal for THE GREAT BELIEVERS. Artistic Director at @storystudio. She/her. Daughter of a refugee. 1
2016-05-20 14:27:40+00:00 MEPFuller Matt Fuller True Am I a David Foster Wallace bro? Very well, I'm a David Foster Wallace bro. 1 2 1 0 https://twitter.com/MEPFuller/status/733665498148294657 No Image URL Politics stuff at The Daily Beast. Take these tweets seriously but not literally. 1
2016-02-01 18:24:47+00:00 deep_beige Brendan james True David Foster Wallace sucks and this is a great review of interminable jest, via @Bro_Pair https://t.co/hxGFGY6D3Z 0 6 0 0 https://twitter.com/deep_beige/status/694224894805032964 No Image URL Co-host and producer @Blowbackpod. "The Great Vorelli" \nbjames0928@gmail.com 1
2016-01-12 03:34:53+00:00 Dooezer Mary Dooe True "Bro stop being such a David Foster Wallace footnote" 0 2 1 0 https://twitter.com/Dooezer/status/686753187727044609 No Image URL podcast creator. MBA. quite contrary. founder of Dooe Diligence Media. past work @marketplace @wbur @nprwest @wgbh @harvardbiz @iheartradio. https://t.co/514RH9nvyk 1
2015-09-17 00:33:07+00:00 Fahrenthold David Fahrenthold True Did Carly Fiorina just make a David Foster Wallace reference?\n\nIs Carly Fiorina a David Foster Wallace bro?? 5 12 0 0 https://twitter.com/Fahrenthold/status/644308060937265152 No Image URL Washington Post reporter, covering former President Trump's businesses. MSNBC contributor. If you don't want it printed, don't let it happen. 1
2015-09-17 00:32:50+00:00 ColinACurtis Colin Curtis True Did Carly Fiorina just make a David Foster Wallace reference?\n\nIs Carly Fiorina a David Foster Wallace bro?? 5 12 0 0 https://twitter.com/ColinACurtis/status/644307992901517312 No Image URL Dem hack | Alum of campaigns, legislatures, & unions | BBQ enthusiast | Occasional writer | Gamer | Royals & Chiefs fan | Dotte / Kansan turned DC dweller 1
2015-09-17 00:32:29+00:00 MEPFuller Matt Fuller True Did Carly Fiorina just make a David Foster Wallace reference?\n\nIs Carly Fiorina a David Foster Wallace bro?? 5 12 0 0 https://twitter.com/MEPFuller/status/644307901830561793 No Image URL Politics stuff at The Daily Beast. Take these tweets seriously but not literally. 1
2015-08-14 11:31:24+00:00 PublishersWkly Publishers Weekly True "David Foster Wallace was not a bro: Let’s not paint the writer with the same brush as his fans" | Salon http://t.co/t4FqgmoyVz 10 19 0 0 https://twitter.com/PublishersWkly/status/632152536636608512 No Image URL The international source for book publishing and bookselling news, reviews, and information. 1
2015-08-13 20:53:02+00:00 Salon Salon True David Foster Wallace was *not* a bro: Don't paint the writer with the same brush as his fans http://t.co/vZvwEien22 10 16 3 0 https://twitter.com/Salon/status/631931489769390080 No Image URL The original online source for news, politics and entertainment | Find us on Instagram & TikTok: salonofficial | Subscribe to our newsletters linked below 1
2015-08-13 14:02:23+00:00 Gwen_UsBeauty Gwen Flamberg True You probably know a bro who says he loves David Foster Wallace: http://t.co/3KfOlw2UR6 http://t.co/xNI9tbF02p 7 5 0 0 https://twitter.com/Gwen_UsBeauty/status/631828145105162240 https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CMSx-8XWcAAnkK-.jpg Beauty, style and lifestyle influencer. Red Carpet beauty and style expert and makeup addict. Tweets are my own. 1
2015-08-13 13:52:26+00:00 Blumsteinboy Ian Harrison True You probably know a bro who says he loves David Foster Wallace: http://t.co/3KfOlw2UR6 http://t.co/xNI9tbF02p 7 5 0 0 https://twitter.com/Blumsteinboy/status/631825643441901568 https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CMSx-8XWcAAnkK-.jpg Decolonize it all. 🇬🇾 1
2015-08-13 13:52:02+00:00 TheCut The Cut True You probably know a bro who says he loves David Foster Wallace: http://t.co/3KfOlw2UR6 http://t.co/xNI9tbF02p 7 5 0 0 https://twitter.com/TheCut/status/631825543202213889 https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CMSx-8XWcAAnkK-.jpg Style. Self. Culture. Power.\nFind us on Instagram: @TheCut\nSubscribe to New York for more: https://t.co/1OtjTJftYM 1
2015-08-13 13:31:24+00:00 sts10 Sam Schlinkert True All men are bad but are David Foster Wallace fans a special kind of bad? http://t.co/w5KOvJBcui http://t.co/yBhOr3aPjy 8 27 3 0 https://twitter.com/sts10/status/631820349290774528 https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CMStMPvXAAA5a1J.jpg Content Programming Editor at @CNNplus. Sometimes programmer. 1
2014-12-17 01:00:01+00:00 billroorbach Bill Roorbach True My blog bro David (@BDsCocktailHour) reacts to David Foster Wallace's teaching Gessner. With footnotes. #BillandDaves http://t.co/gU84ybdk2C 1 0 0 0 https://twitter.com/billroorbach/status/545020559248343040 No Image URL I'm a good writer with bad habits. Next novel is LUCKY TURTLE. Last three were THE GIRL OF THE LAKE,THE REMEDY FOR LOVE and LIFE AMONG GIANTS, all Algonquin Bks 1
2012-11-19 22:54:54+00:00 stephaniemlee Stephanie M. Lee True Ayn Rand too, bro RT @SUPSLA: of couuuuuuuuurse david foster wallace is quoted. 0 0 0 0 https://twitter.com/stephaniemlee/status/270661455727165442 No Image URL Science reporter, BuzzFeed News / not here right now / stephanie.lee@buzzfeed.com 1
2011-12-12 20:48:07+00:00 DrownedinSound Drowned in Sound ⚓️ True @MelodicRecords chillax brother, we all gud. Put another blunt on the barbie 'n' go wid th' flo bro. Dude man... http://t.co/q0RUmv12 0 0 1 0 https://twitter.com/DrownedinSound/status/146330510422048768 No Image URL Opinions On Music Since October 2000. An online community 1

Because our index is a datetime value, we can use the special Pandas method .resample() to group the tweets by month, add them up, and plot them over time.

tweets_df['count'].resample('M').sum()\
.plot(title='"David Foster Wallace Bro"\n Tweets from Verified Accounts');
../_images/da16e58831ef9207c78aa6443bef888f39a86b00d79dd251e719576f273a1e9a.png

Top Hashtags#

To analyze hashtags in a tweet dataset, we can use the plugin twarc2 hashtags, which requires a separate installation.

!pip install twarc-hashtags

Then we can create a CSV digest of the top hashtags from our JSONL data with twarc2 hashtags. (To get more hashtag data, we are using a JSONL file that contains a full archive search of “David Foster Wallace” rather than “David Foster Wallace bro”).

!twarc2 hashtags twitter-data/dfw.jsonl twitter-data/dfw_hashtags.csv
100%|██████████████| Processed 56.9M/56.9M of input file [00:01<00:00, 35.0MB/s]
pd.read_csv('twitter-data/dfw_hashtags.csv')
hashtag tweets
0 dfw 202
1 writing 154
2 davidfosterwallace 122
3 amwriting 114
4 longreads 103
... ... ...
1428 24hourbookclub 1
1429 21février 1
1430 1980s 1
1431 12sep2008 1
1432 100novelas 1

1433 rows × 2 columns

We can also use the flag --group to group the hashtags by their frequency per time period and the flag --limit to limit the hashtags to only the top n number of hashtags per grouping.

!twarc2 hashtags --group year --limit 10 twitter-data/dfw.jsonl twitter-data/dfw_hashtags_year.csv
100%|██████████████| Processed 56.9M/56.9M of input file [00:01<00:00, 34.9MB/s]
hashtags_df = pd.read_csv('twitter-data/dfw_hashtags_year.csv')
hashtags_df 
hashtag time tweets
0 quote 2021 7
1 writing 2021 6
2 amwriting 2021 5
3 writingcommunity 2021 2
4 writetip 2021 2
... ... ... ...
150 dfw 2009 2
151 archive 2009 2
152 wallace 2009 1
153 swf 2009 1
154 reading 2009 1

155 rows × 3 columns

To plot the frequency of hashtags over time, we can set the DataFrame index to the “time” column.

hashtags_df = hashtags_df.set_index('time')

Then we can filter for a specific hashtag and plot its frequency.

hashtags_df[hashtags_df['hashtag'] == 'writing'].plot(y='tweets', label='#writing', title='DFW Hashtags');
../_images/b863a35739d66cd722de01a210b2a039088a15cf7a4250b0606b1513b7753e3a.png

We can also plot multiple hashtags on the same plot by assigning the first plot to the variable main_axis and then directing the next plots to be plotted on the same axis ax=main_axis.

main_axis = hashtags_df[hashtags_df['hashtag'] == 'writing'].plot(y='tweets', label='#writing', title='DFW Hashtags')
hashtags_df[hashtags_df['hashtag'] == 'dfw'].plot(ax=main_axis, y='tweets', label='#dfw')
hashtags_df[hashtags_df['hashtag'] == 'infinitejest'].plot(ax=main_axis, y='tweets', label='#infinitejest');
../_images/813d1640c51442aae8ea1e15c4e6b89b72151f3bdbde677a9672cf682c05c606.png

Sentiment Analysis#

See an example of running the English-language sentiment analysis tool VADER on Donald Trump’s tweets.

Topic Modeling Tweets#

See an example of using topic modeling on Donald Trump’s tweets.