Topic Modeling — Text Files

Topic Modeling — Text Files#

In these lessons, we’re learning about a text analysis method called topic modeling. This method will help us identify the main topics or discourses within a collection of texts or single text that has been separated into smaller text chunks.

Dataset#

New York Times Obituaries#

Georgia O’Keeffe, the undisputed doyenne of American painting and a leader, with her husband, Alfred Stieglitz, of a crucial phase in the development and dissemination of American modernism, died yesterday at St. Vincent Hospital in Santa Fe, N.M.

—Edith Evans Asbury, Georgia O'Keefe Dead At 98

In this particular lesson, we’re going to use Little MALLET Wrapper, a Python wrapper for MALLET, to topic model 379 obituaries published by The New York Times. This dataset is based on data originally collected by Matt Lavin for his Programming Historian TF-IDF tutorial. I have re-scraped the obituaries so that the subject’s name and death year is included in each text file name, and I have added 13 more “Overlooked” obituaries, including Karen Spärck Jones, the computer scientist who introduced TF-IDF.

Set MALLET Path#

Note

If you’re working in this Jupyter notebook on your own computer, you’ll need to have both the Java Development Kit and MALLET pre-installed. For set up instructions, please see the previous lesson .

If you’re working in this Jupyter notebook in the cloud via Binder, then the Java Development Kit and Mallet will already be installed. You’re good to go!

Since Little MALLET Wrapper is a Python package built around MALLET, we first need to tell it where the bigger, Java-based MALLET lives.

We’re going to make a variable called path_to_mallet and assign it the file path of our MALLET program. We need to point it, specifically, to the “mallet” file inside the “bin” folder inside the “mallet-2.0.8” folder.

path_to_mallet = 'mallet-2.0.8/bin/mallet'

If MALLET is located in another directory, then set your path_to_mallet to that file path.

Install Packages#

#!pip install little_mallet_wrapper
#!pip install seaborn

Import Packages#

#!pip install little_mallet_wrapper
#!pip install seaborn

Now let’s import the little_mallet_wrapper and the data viz library seaborn.

import little_mallet_wrapper
import seaborn
import glob
from pathlib import Path

We’re also going to import glob and pathlib for working with files and the file system.

Get Training Data From Text Files#

Before we topic model the NYT obituaries, we need to process the text files and prepare them for analysis. The steps below demonstrate how to process texts if your corpus is a collection of separate text files. In the next lesson, we’ll demonstrate how to process texts that come from a CSV file.

Note

We’re calling these text files our training data, because we’re training our topic model with these texts. The topic model will be learning and extracting topics based on these texts.

To get the necessary text files, we’re going to make a variable and assign it the file path for the directory that contains the text files.

directory = "../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/"

Then we’re going to use the glob.gob() function to make a list of all (*) the .txt files in that directory.

files = glob.glob(f"{directory}/*.txt")

files

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['../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1945-Adolf-Hitler.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1915-F-W-Taylor.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1975-Chiang-Kai-shek.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1984-Ethel-Merman.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1953-Jim-Thorpe.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1964-Nella-Larsen.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1955-Margaret-Abbott.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1984-Lillian-Hellman.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1959-Cecil-De-Mille.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1928-Mabel-Craty.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1973-Eddie-Rickenbacker.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1989-Ferdinand-Marcos.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1991-Martha-Graham.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1997-Deng-Xiaoping.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1938-George-E-Hale.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1885-Ulysses-Grant.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1909-Sarah-Orne-Jewett.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1957-Christian-Dior.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1987-Clare-Boothe-Luce.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1976-Jacques-Monod.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1954-Getulio-Vargas.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1979-Stan-Kenton.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1990-Leonard-Bernstein.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1972-Jackie-Robinson.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1998-Fred-W-Friendly.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1991-Leo-Durocher.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1915-B-T-Washington.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1997-James-Stewart.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1981-Joe-Louis.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1983-Muddy-Waters.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1942-George-M-Cohan.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1989-Samuel-Beckett.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1962-Marilyn-Monroe.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/2000-Charles-M-Schulz.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1967-Gregory-Pincus.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1894-R-L-Stevenson.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1978-Bruce-Catton.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1982-Arthur-Rubinstein.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1875-Andrew-Johnson.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1974-Charles-Lindbergh.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1964-Rachel-Carson.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1953-Marjorie-Rawlings.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1973-Otto-Klemperer.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1963-Sylvia-Plath.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1956-Charles-Merrill.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1966-Lenny-Bruce.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1908-Cleveland.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1982-Anna-Freud.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1941-Frank-Conrad.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1966-Alfred-P-Sloan-Jr.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1960-Beno-Gutenberg.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1976-J-Paul-Getty.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1891-P-T-Barnum.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1901-Queen-Victoria.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1970-Erich-Maria-Remarque.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1989-August-A-Busch-Jr.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1992-John-Cage.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1994-Erik-Erikson.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1990-Erte.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1966-Chester-Nimitz.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1954-Enrico-Fermi.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1961-Primitive-Artist.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1945-Bela-Bartok.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1978-Pope-Paul-VI.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1965-Martin-Buber.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1971-Diane-Arbus.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1973-Lyndon-Johnson.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1998-Bob-Kane.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1969-Judy-Garland.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1959-Frank-Lloyd-Wright.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1995-Ginger-Rogers.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1920-Marlene-Dietrich.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1998-Alan-B-Shepard-Jr.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1971-Khrushchev.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1935-Justice-Holmes.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1969-David-Eisenhower.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1992-Marsha-P-Johnson.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1914-Alfred-Thayer-Mahan.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1965-Branch-Rickey.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/2007-Karen-Sparck-Jones.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1965-Albert-Schweitzer.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1992-Isaac-Asimov.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1989-William-B-Shockley.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1910-William-James.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1951-Fanny-Brice.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1916-Jack-London.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1947-Al-Capone.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1989-Lucille-Ball.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1980-Jean-Paul-Sartre.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1969-Sonja-Henie.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1976-Adolph-Zukor.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1959-John-Dulles.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1980-Alfred-Hitchcock.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1901-Benjamin-Harrison.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1994-Richard-Nixon.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1917-Hilaire-G-E-Degas.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1987-James-Baldwin.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1941-Virginia-Woolf.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1922-Alexander-Graham-Bell.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1907-Qiu-Jin.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1895-Fred-Douglass.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1971-Florence-Blanchfield.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1984-Ray-A-Kroc.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1947-Fiorello-La-Guardia.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1988-Louis-L-Amour.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1902-Elizabeth-Cady-Stanton.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1965-Shirley-Jackson.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1979-John-Wayne.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1994-Thomas-P-O-Neill-Jr.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1982-Thelonious-Monk.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1919-C-J-Walker.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1954-Liberty-H-Bailey.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1977-Dash-Ended.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1936-Maxim-Gorky.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/2000-Pierre-Trudeau.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1976-Mao-Tse-Tung.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1955-Walter-White.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1930-Conan-Doyle.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1995-Jonas-Salk.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1949-Mitchell.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1951-Henrietta-Lacks.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1903-James-M-N-Whistler.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1950-A-J-Dempster.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1937-Edith-Wharton.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1935-Jane-Addams.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1941-James-Joyce.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1952-John-Dewey.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1940-Marcus-Garvey.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1971-Louis-Armstrong.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1923-Warren-Harding.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1937-John-Rockefeller.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/2000-Elliot-Richardson.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1972-J-Edgar-Hoover.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1975-Franco.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1973-Jeanette-Rankin.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1888-Louisa-M-Alcott.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1977-Charles-Chaplin.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1990-Ralph-David-Abernathy.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1946-Lord-Keynes.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1996-Gene-Kelly.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1973-Roberto-Clemente.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1986-Georgia-O-Keeffe.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1990-Rex-Harrison.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1916-Martian-Theory.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1961-Ernest-Hemingway.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1978-Margaret-Mead.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1982-Ingrid-Bergman.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1946-C-E-M-Clung.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1977-Maria-Callas.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1952-Eva-Peron.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1961-Emily-Balch.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1979-Arthur-Fiedler.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1896-Harriet-Beecher-Stowe.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1989-Andrei-Sakharov.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1939-W-B-Yeats.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1961-Hammarskjold.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1969-Madhubala.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1970-Edouard-Daladier.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1988-John-Houseman.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1992-William-Shawn.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1950-Edna-St-V-Millay.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1989-Claude-Pepper.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1929-Marie-Curie.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1972-The-Duke-of-Windsor.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1984-Count-Basie.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1998-Helen-Moody.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1936-Anne-Macy.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1900-Nietzsche.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1880-Lucretia-Mott.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1967-J-Robert-Oppenheimer.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1984-Richard-Burton.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1964-Sean-O-Casey.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1931-Thomas-Edison.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1971-Bobby-Jones.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1914-John-P-Holland.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1995-George-Abbott.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1950-Henry-L-Stimson.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1955-Dale-Carnegie.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1934-T-A-Watson.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1968-Martin-Luther-King-Jr.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1933-Louis-C-Tiffany.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1909-Geronimo.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1952-Charles-Spaulding.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1922-Nellie-Bly.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1955-Cy-Young.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1993-Arthur-Ashe.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1986-Bernard-Malamud.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1939-Howard-Carter.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1994-Linus-C-Pauling.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1967-Langston-Hughes.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1948-Mohandas-K-Gandhi.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1931-Melvil-Dewey.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1969-Everett-Dirksen.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1968-Helen-Keller.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1992-Alex-Haley.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1953-Eugene-O-Neill.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1981-Anwar-el-Sadat.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1937-Maurice-Ravel.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1966-Margaret-Sanger.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1989-I-F-Stone.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1943-J-H-Kellogg.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1985-Roger-Maris.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1972-Mahalia-Jackson.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1990-Greta-Garbo.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1998-Benjamin-Spock.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1994-Jessica-Tandy.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1979-Richard-Rodgers.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1958-W-C-Handy.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1974-Ed-Sullivan.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1989-Hirohito.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1933-Calvin-Coolidge.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1969-Ho-Chi-Minh.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1987-John-Huston.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1984-Johnny-Weissmuller.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1969-Maureen-Connolly.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1968-Yuri-Gagarin.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1991-Peggy-Ashcroft.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1979-A-Philip-Randolph.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1946-Gertrude-Stein.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1993-Thurgood-Marshall.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1887-Emma-Lazarus.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1986-James-Cagney.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1976-Richard-Daley.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1977-Joan-Crawford.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1971-Hugo-Black.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1954-Henri-Matisse.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1906-Susan-B-Anthony.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1990-Sammy-Davis-Jr.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1914-John-Muir.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1954-Anne-O-Hare-McCormick.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1986-Kate-Smith.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1919-Anna-H-Shaw.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1980-Jean-Piaget.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1966-Buster-Keaton.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1997-Allen-Ginsberg.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1991-Miles-Davis.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1982-Satchel-Paige.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1931-Ida-B-Wells.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1967-Henry-R-Luce.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1984-Ansel-Adams.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1945-Ernie-Pyle.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1952-Chaim-Weizmann.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1973-Nancy-Mitford.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1852-Ada-Lovelace.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1996-Timothy-Leary.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1919-Carnegie-Started.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1989-Andrei-A-Gromyko.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1965-David-O-Selznick.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1870-Robert-E-Lee.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1968-Robert-Francis-Kennedy.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1900-Stephen-Crane.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1936-John-W-Heisman.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1998-Maureen-O-Sullivan.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1953-Joseph-Stalin.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1944-Alfred-E-Smith.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1910-Tolstoy.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1964-Cole-Porter.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1983-Jack-Dempsey.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1975-Haile-Selassie.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1882-Charles-Darwin.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1903-Emily-Warren-Roebling.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1962-Eleanor-Roosevelt.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1926-Harry-Houdini.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1955-Albert-Einstein.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1971-Coco-Chanel.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1959-Billie-Holiday.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1969-Coleman-Hawkins.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1954-Frida-Kahlo.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1911-Joseph-Pulitzer.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1993-Carlos-Montoya.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1947-Max-Planck.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1985-Orson-Welles.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1974-Earl-Warren.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1971-Ralph-Bunche.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1999-Hassan-II.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1931-Knute-Rocke.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1998-Theodore-Schultz.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1960-Boris-Pasternak.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1927-Victoria-Martin.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1943-George-Washington-Carver.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1956-Thomas-J-Watson-Sr.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1947-Henry-Ford.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1953-Fred-Vinson.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1982-Leonid-Brezhnev.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1999-King-Hussein.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1930-Elmer-Sperry.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1985-E-B-White.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1959-Ethel-Barrymore.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1986-Benny-Goodman.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1963-W-E-B-DuBois.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1975-Elijah-Muhammad.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1973-Pablo-Picasso.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1993-Federico-Fellini.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1945-Harry-S-Truman.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1970-De-Gaulle-Rallied.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1995-Alfred-Eisenstaedt.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1999-Iris-Murdoch.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1987-Alf-Landon.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1998-Bella-Abzug.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1940-Scott-Fitzgerald.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1989-Vladimir-Horowitz.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1969-Mies-van-der-Rohe.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1944-Ida-M-Tarbell.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1948-John-Pershing.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1938-Clarence-Darrow.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1987-Primo-Levi.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1971-Igor-Stravinsky.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1945-George-Patton.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1930-William-Howard-Taft.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1935-Will-Rogers.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1992-Shirley-Booth.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1994-Jacqueline-Kennedy.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1933-Ring-Lardner.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1974-Sylvia-Plath.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1945-FDR.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1995-Yitzhak-Rabin.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1960-Emily-Post.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1984-Truman-Capote.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1968-Upton-Sinclair.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1994-Jan-Tinbergen.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1957-Gerard-Swope.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1993-Albert-Sabin.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1955-Thomas-Mann.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1991-Dr-Seuss.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1877-Bedford-Forrest.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1964-Douglas-MacArthur.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1965-Churchill.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1962-William-Faulkner.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1956-Babe-Zaharias.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1932-John-Philip-Sousa.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1964-Herbert-Hoover.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1961-Sam-Rayburn.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1954-Lionel-Barrymore.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1998-Frank-Sinatra.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1948-Babe-Ruth.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1947-Willa-Cather.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1963-John-F-Kennedy.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1975-Walker-Evans.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1916-J-J-Hill.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1980-Jesse-Owens.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1948-Sergei-Eisenstein.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1981-Robert-Moses.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1989-Robert-Penn-Warren.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1901-William-McKinley.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1970-Walter-Reuther.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1930-Balfour.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1984-Indira-Gandhi.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1978-Golda-Meir.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1983-Earl-Hines.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1974-Katharine-Cornell.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1982-Lee-Strasberg.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1939-Pope-Pius-XI.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1886-Mary-Ewing-Outerbridge.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1993-Dizzy-Gillespie.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1910-Florence-Nightingale.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1960-Richard-Wright.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1986-The-Challenger.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1992-Menachem-Begin.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1998-Galina-Ulanova.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1976-Max-Ernst.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1993-Cesar-Chavez.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1965-Adlai-Ewing-Stevenson.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1935-Adolph-S-Ochs.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1941-Lou-Gehrig.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1961-Carl-G-Jung.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1963-Robert-Frost.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1965-Edward-R-Murrow.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1971-Dean-Acheson.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1986-Jorge-Luis-Borges.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1966-Walt-Disney.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1996-Carl-Sagan.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1959-Ross-G-Harrison.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1945-Jerome-Kern.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1991-Frank-Capra.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1987-Andres-Segovie.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1987-Rita-Hayworth.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1993-William-Golding.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1932-Florenz-Ziegfeld.txt',
 '../texts/history/NYT-Obituaries/1938-Constantin-Stanislavsky.txt']

Process Texts#

little_mallet_wrapper.process_string(text, numbers='remove')

Next we process our texts with the function little_mallet_wrapper.process_string(). This function will take every individual text file, transform all the text to lowercase as well as remove stopwords, punctuation, and numbers, and then add the processed text to our master list training_data.

Python Review

Take a moment to study this code and reflect about what’s happening here. This is a very common Python pattern! We make an empty list, iterate through every file, open and read each text file, process the texts, and finally append them to the previously empty list.

training_data = []
for file in files:
    text = open(file, encoding='utf-8').read()
    processed_text = little_mallet_wrapper.process_string(text, numbers='remove')
    training_data.append(processed_text)

We’re also making a master list of the original text of the obituaries for future reference.

original_texts = []
for file in files:
    text = open(file, encoding='utf-8').read()
    original_texts.append(text)

Process Titles#

Here we extract the relevant part of each file name by using Path().stem, which conveniently extracts just the last part of the file path without the “.txt” file extension. Because each file name includes the obituary subject’s name as well as the year that the subject died, we’re going to use this information as a title or label for each obituary.

obit_titles = [Path(file).stem for file in files]

obit_titles

Show code cell output Hide code cell output

['1945-Adolf-Hitler',
 '1915-F-W-Taylor',
 '1975-Chiang-Kai-shek',
 '1984-Ethel-Merman',
 '1953-Jim-Thorpe',
 '1964-Nella-Larsen',
 '1955-Margaret-Abbott',
 '1984-Lillian-Hellman',
 '1959-Cecil-De-Mille',
 '1928-Mabel-Craty',
 '1973-Eddie-Rickenbacker',
 '1989-Ferdinand-Marcos',
 '1991-Martha-Graham',
 '1997-Deng-Xiaoping',
 '1938-George-E-Hale',
 '1885-Ulysses-Grant',
 '1909-Sarah-Orne-Jewett',
 '1957-Christian-Dior',
 '1987-Clare-Boothe-Luce',
 '1976-Jacques-Monod',
 '1954-Getulio-Vargas',
 '1979-Stan-Kenton',
 '1990-Leonard-Bernstein',
 '1972-Jackie-Robinson',
 '1998-Fred-W-Friendly',
 '1991-Leo-Durocher',
 '1915-B-T-Washington',
 '1997-James-Stewart',
 '1981-Joe-Louis',
 '1983-Muddy-Waters',
 '1942-George-M-Cohan',
 '1989-Samuel-Beckett',
 '1962-Marilyn-Monroe',
 '2000-Charles-M-Schulz',
 '1967-Gregory-Pincus',
 '1894-R-L-Stevenson',
 '1978-Bruce-Catton',
 '1982-Arthur-Rubinstein',
 '1875-Andrew-Johnson',
 '1974-Charles-Lindbergh',
 '1964-Rachel-Carson',
 '1953-Marjorie-Rawlings',
 '1973-Otto-Klemperer',
 '1963-Sylvia-Plath',
 '1956-Charles-Merrill',
 '1966-Lenny-Bruce',
 '1908-Cleveland',
 '1982-Anna-Freud',
 '1941-Frank-Conrad',
 '1966-Alfred-P-Sloan-Jr',
 '1960-Beno-Gutenberg',
 '1976-J-Paul-Getty',
 '1891-P-T-Barnum',
 '1901-Queen-Victoria',
 '1970-Erich-Maria-Remarque',
 '1989-August-A-Busch-Jr',
 '1992-John-Cage',
 '1994-Erik-Erikson',
 '1990-Erte',
 '1966-Chester-Nimitz',
 '1954-Enrico-Fermi',
 '1961-Primitive-Artist',
 '1945-Bela-Bartok',
 '1978-Pope-Paul-VI',
 '1965-Martin-Buber',
 '1971-Diane-Arbus',
 '1973-Lyndon-Johnson',
 '1998-Bob-Kane',
 '1969-Judy-Garland',
 '1959-Frank-Lloyd-Wright',
 '1995-Ginger-Rogers',
 '1920-Marlene-Dietrich',
 '1998-Alan-B-Shepard-Jr',
 '1971-Khrushchev',
 '1935-Justice-Holmes',
 '1969-David-Eisenhower',
 '1992-Marsha-P-Johnson',
 '1914-Alfred-Thayer-Mahan',
 '1965-Branch-Rickey',
 '2007-Karen-Sparck-Jones',
 '1965-Albert-Schweitzer',
 '1992-Isaac-Asimov',
 '1989-William-B-Shockley',
 '1910-William-James',
 '1951-Fanny-Brice',
 '1916-Jack-London',
 '1947-Al-Capone',
 '1989-Lucille-Ball',
 '1980-Jean-Paul-Sartre',
 '1969-Sonja-Henie',
 '1976-Adolph-Zukor',
 '1959-John-Dulles',
 '1980-Alfred-Hitchcock',
 '1901-Benjamin-Harrison',
 '1994-Richard-Nixon',
 '1917-Hilaire-G-E-Degas',
 '1987-James-Baldwin',
 '1941-Virginia-Woolf',
 '1922-Alexander-Graham-Bell',
 '1907-Qiu-Jin',
 '1895-Fred-Douglass',
 '1971-Florence-Blanchfield',
 '1984-Ray-A-Kroc',
 '1947-Fiorello-La-Guardia',
 '1988-Louis-L-Amour',
 '1902-Elizabeth-Cady-Stanton',
 '1965-Shirley-Jackson',
 '1979-John-Wayne',
 '1994-Thomas-P-O-Neill-Jr',
 '1982-Thelonious-Monk',
 '1919-C-J-Walker',
 '1954-Liberty-H-Bailey',
 '1977-Dash-Ended',
 '1936-Maxim-Gorky',
 '2000-Pierre-Trudeau',
 '1976-Mao-Tse-Tung',
 '1955-Walter-White',
 '1930-Conan-Doyle',
 '1995-Jonas-Salk',
 '1949-Mitchell',
 '1951-Henrietta-Lacks',
 '1903-James-M-N-Whistler',
 '1950-A-J-Dempster',
 '1937-Edith-Wharton',
 '1935-Jane-Addams',
 '1941-James-Joyce',
 '1952-John-Dewey',
 '1940-Marcus-Garvey',
 '1971-Louis-Armstrong',
 '1923-Warren-Harding',
 '1937-John-Rockefeller',
 '2000-Elliot-Richardson',
 '1972-J-Edgar-Hoover',
 '1975-Franco',
 '1973-Jeanette-Rankin',
 '1888-Louisa-M-Alcott',
 '1977-Charles-Chaplin',
 '1990-Ralph-David-Abernathy',
 '1946-Lord-Keynes',
 '1996-Gene-Kelly',
 '1973-Roberto-Clemente',
 '1986-Georgia-O-Keeffe',
 '1990-Rex-Harrison',
 '1916-Martian-Theory',
 '1961-Ernest-Hemingway',
 '1978-Margaret-Mead',
 '1982-Ingrid-Bergman',
 '1946-C-E-M-Clung',
 '1977-Maria-Callas',
 '1952-Eva-Peron',
 '1961-Emily-Balch',
 '1979-Arthur-Fiedler',
 '1896-Harriet-Beecher-Stowe',
 '1989-Andrei-Sakharov',
 '1939-W-B-Yeats',
 '1961-Hammarskjold',
 '1969-Madhubala',
 '1970-Edouard-Daladier',
 '1988-John-Houseman',
 '1992-William-Shawn',
 '1950-Edna-St-V-Millay',
 '1989-Claude-Pepper',
 '1929-Marie-Curie',
 '1972-The-Duke-of-Windsor',
 '1984-Count-Basie',
 '1998-Helen-Moody',
 '1936-Anne-Macy',
 '1900-Nietzsche',
 '1880-Lucretia-Mott',
 '1967-J-Robert-Oppenheimer',
 '1984-Richard-Burton',
 '1964-Sean-O-Casey',
 '1931-Thomas-Edison',
 '1971-Bobby-Jones',
 '1914-John-P-Holland',
 '1995-George-Abbott',
 '1950-Henry-L-Stimson',
 '1955-Dale-Carnegie',
 '1934-T-A-Watson',
 '1968-Martin-Luther-King-Jr',
 '1933-Louis-C-Tiffany',
 '1909-Geronimo',
 '1952-Charles-Spaulding',
 '1922-Nellie-Bly',
 '1955-Cy-Young',
 '1993-Arthur-Ashe',
 '1986-Bernard-Malamud',
 '1939-Howard-Carter',
 '1994-Linus-C-Pauling',
 '1967-Langston-Hughes',
 '1948-Mohandas-K-Gandhi',
 '1931-Melvil-Dewey',
 '1969-Everett-Dirksen',
 '1968-Helen-Keller',
 '1992-Alex-Haley',
 '1953-Eugene-O-Neill',
 '1981-Anwar-el-Sadat',
 '1937-Maurice-Ravel',
 '1966-Margaret-Sanger',
 '1989-I-F-Stone',
 '1943-J-H-Kellogg',
 '1985-Roger-Maris',
 '1972-Mahalia-Jackson',
 '1990-Greta-Garbo',
 '1998-Benjamin-Spock',
 '1994-Jessica-Tandy',
 '1979-Richard-Rodgers',
 '1958-W-C-Handy',
 '1974-Ed-Sullivan',
 '1989-Hirohito',
 '1933-Calvin-Coolidge',
 '1969-Ho-Chi-Minh',
 '1987-John-Huston',
 '1984-Johnny-Weissmuller',
 '1969-Maureen-Connolly',
 '1968-Yuri-Gagarin',
 '1991-Peggy-Ashcroft',
 '1979-A-Philip-Randolph',
 '1946-Gertrude-Stein',
 '1993-Thurgood-Marshall',
 '1887-Emma-Lazarus',
 '1986-James-Cagney',
 '1976-Richard-Daley',
 '1977-Joan-Crawford',
 '1971-Hugo-Black',
 '1954-Henri-Matisse',
 '1906-Susan-B-Anthony',
 '1990-Sammy-Davis-Jr',
 '1914-John-Muir',
 '1954-Anne-O-Hare-McCormick',
 '1986-Kate-Smith',
 '1919-Anna-H-Shaw',
 '1980-Jean-Piaget',
 '1966-Buster-Keaton',
 '1997-Allen-Ginsberg',
 '1991-Miles-Davis',
 '1982-Satchel-Paige',
 '1931-Ida-B-Wells',
 '1967-Henry-R-Luce',
 '1984-Ansel-Adams',
 '1945-Ernie-Pyle',
 '1952-Chaim-Weizmann',
 '1973-Nancy-Mitford',
 '1852-Ada-Lovelace',
 '1996-Timothy-Leary',
 '1919-Carnegie-Started',
 '1989-Andrei-A-Gromyko',
 '1965-David-O-Selznick',
 '1870-Robert-E-Lee',
 '1968-Robert-Francis-Kennedy',
 '1900-Stephen-Crane',
 '1936-John-W-Heisman',
 '1998-Maureen-O-Sullivan',
 '1953-Joseph-Stalin',
 '1944-Alfred-E-Smith',
 '1910-Tolstoy',
 '1964-Cole-Porter',
 '1983-Jack-Dempsey',
 '1975-Haile-Selassie',
 '1882-Charles-Darwin',
 '1903-Emily-Warren-Roebling',
 '1962-Eleanor-Roosevelt',
 '1926-Harry-Houdini',
 '1955-Albert-Einstein',
 '1971-Coco-Chanel',
 '1959-Billie-Holiday',
 '1969-Coleman-Hawkins',
 '1954-Frida-Kahlo',
 '1911-Joseph-Pulitzer',
 '1993-Carlos-Montoya',
 '1947-Max-Planck',
 '1985-Orson-Welles',
 '1974-Earl-Warren',
 '1971-Ralph-Bunche',
 '1999-Hassan-II',
 '1931-Knute-Rocke',
 '1998-Theodore-Schultz',
 '1960-Boris-Pasternak',
 '1927-Victoria-Martin',
 '1943-George-Washington-Carver',
 '1956-Thomas-J-Watson-Sr',
 '1947-Henry-Ford',
 '1953-Fred-Vinson',
 '1982-Leonid-Brezhnev',
 '1999-King-Hussein',
 '1930-Elmer-Sperry',
 '1985-E-B-White',
 '1959-Ethel-Barrymore',
 '1986-Benny-Goodman',
 '1963-W-E-B-DuBois',
 '1975-Elijah-Muhammad',
 '1973-Pablo-Picasso',
 '1993-Federico-Fellini',
 '1945-Harry-S-Truman',
 '1970-De-Gaulle-Rallied',
 '1995-Alfred-Eisenstaedt',
 '1999-Iris-Murdoch',
 '1987-Alf-Landon',
 '1998-Bella-Abzug',
 '1940-Scott-Fitzgerald',
 '1989-Vladimir-Horowitz',
 '1969-Mies-van-der-Rohe',
 '1944-Ida-M-Tarbell',
 '1948-John-Pershing',
 '1938-Clarence-Darrow',
 '1987-Primo-Levi',
 '1971-Igor-Stravinsky',
 '1945-George-Patton',
 '1930-William-Howard-Taft',
 '1935-Will-Rogers',
 '1992-Shirley-Booth',
 '1994-Jacqueline-Kennedy',
 '1933-Ring-Lardner',
 '1974-Sylvia-Plath',
 '1945-FDR',
 '1995-Yitzhak-Rabin',
 '1960-Emily-Post',
 '1984-Truman-Capote',
 '1968-Upton-Sinclair',
 '1994-Jan-Tinbergen',
 '1957-Gerard-Swope',
 '1993-Albert-Sabin',
 '1955-Thomas-Mann',
 '1991-Dr-Seuss',
 '1877-Bedford-Forrest',
 '1964-Douglas-MacArthur',
 '1965-Churchill',
 '1962-William-Faulkner',
 '1956-Babe-Zaharias',
 '1932-John-Philip-Sousa',
 '1964-Herbert-Hoover',
 '1961-Sam-Rayburn',
 '1954-Lionel-Barrymore',
 '1998-Frank-Sinatra',
 '1948-Babe-Ruth',
 '1947-Willa-Cather',
 '1963-John-F-Kennedy',
 '1975-Walker-Evans',
 '1916-J-J-Hill',
 '1980-Jesse-Owens',
 '1948-Sergei-Eisenstein',
 '1981-Robert-Moses',
 '1989-Robert-Penn-Warren',
 '1901-William-McKinley',
 '1970-Walter-Reuther',
 '1930-Balfour',
 '1984-Indira-Gandhi',
 '1978-Golda-Meir',
 '1983-Earl-Hines',
 '1974-Katharine-Cornell',
 '1982-Lee-Strasberg',
 '1939-Pope-Pius-XI',
 '1886-Mary-Ewing-Outerbridge',
 '1993-Dizzy-Gillespie',
 '1910-Florence-Nightingale',
 '1960-Richard-Wright',
 '1986-The-Challenger',
 '1992-Menachem-Begin',
 '1998-Galina-Ulanova',
 '1976-Max-Ernst',
 '1993-Cesar-Chavez',
 '1965-Adlai-Ewing-Stevenson',
 '1935-Adolph-S-Ochs',
 '1941-Lou-Gehrig',
 '1961-Carl-G-Jung',
 '1963-Robert-Frost',
 '1965-Edward-R-Murrow',
 '1971-Dean-Acheson',
 '1986-Jorge-Luis-Borges',
 '1966-Walt-Disney',
 '1996-Carl-Sagan',
 '1959-Ross-G-Harrison',
 '1945-Jerome-Kern',
 '1991-Frank-Capra',
 '1987-Andres-Segovie',
 '1987-Rita-Hayworth',
 '1993-William-Golding',
 '1932-Florenz-Ziegfeld',
 '1938-Constantin-Stanislavsky']

Get Training Data Stats#

We can get training data summary statistics by using the function little_mallet_wrapper.print_dataset_stats().

little_mallet_wrapper.print_dataset_stats(training_data)

Number of Documents: 379
Mean Number of Words per Document: 1314.6
Vocabulary Size: 35983

According to this little report, we have 378 documents (or obituaries) that average 1345 words in length.

Training the Topic Model#

We’re going to train our topic model with the little_mallet_wrapper.train_topic_model() function. As you can see above, however, this function requires 6 different arguments and file paths to run properly.

Set Number of Topics#

We need to make a variable num_topics and assign it the number of topics we want returned.

num_topics = 15

Set Training Data#

We already made a variable called training_data, which includes all of our processed obituary texts, so we can just set it equal to itself.

training_data = training_data

Set Topic Model Output Files#

Finally, we need to tell Little MALLET Wrapper where to find and output all of our topic modeling results. The code below will set Little MALLET Wrapper up to output your results inside a directory called “topic-model-output” and a subdirectory called “NYT-Obits”, all of which will be inside your current directory.

If you’d like to change this output location, simply change output_directory_path below.

#Change to your desired output directory
output_directory_path = 'topic-model-output/NYT-Obits'

#No need to change anything below here
Path(f"{output_directory_path}").mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)

path_to_training_data           = f"{output_directory_path}/training.txt"
path_to_formatted_training_data = f"{output_directory_path}/mallet.training"
path_to_model                   = f"{output_directory_path}/mallet.model.{str(num_topics)}"
path_to_topic_keys              = f"{output_directory_path}/mallet.topic_keys.{str(num_topics)}"
path_to_topic_distributions     = f"{output_directory_path}/mallet.topic_distributions.{str(num_topics)}"

Train Topic Model#

Then we’re going to train our topic model with little_mallet_wrapper.quick_train_topic_model(). The topic model should take about 1-1.5 minutes to train and complete. If you want it, you can look at your Terminal or PowerShell and see what the model looks like as it’s training.

little_mallet_wrapper.quick_train_topic_model(path_to_mallet,
                                             output_directory_path,
                                             num_topics,
                                             training_data)

Importing data...
Complete
Training topic model...
Complete

([['one',
   'would',
   'said',
   'time',
   'could',
   'man',
   'life',
   'years',
   'never',
   'made',
   'people',
   'many',
   'later',
   'first',
   'two',
   'long',
   'even',
   'came',
   'way',
   'also'],
  ['book',
   'wrote',
   'published',
   'said',
   'writing',
   'writer',
   'novel',
   'books',
   'author',
   'life',
   'story',
   'literary',
   'stories',
   'write',
   'work',
   'poet',
   'short',
   'writers',
   'poetry',
   'novels'],
  ['president',
   'state',
   'roosevelt',
   'court',
   'justice',
   'house',
   'states',
   'party',
   'black',
   'law',
   'political',
   'united',
   'governor',
   'campaign',
   'democratic',
   'republican',
   'election',
   'rights',
   'warren',
   'congress'],
  ['baseball',
   'game',
   'louis',
   'won',
   'ruth',
   'team',
   'tennis',
   'league',
   'babe',
   'rickey',
   'first',
   'golf',
   'football',
   'record',
   'champion',
   'abbott',
   'club',
   'season',
   'dempsey',
   'black'],
  ['years',
   'new',
   'first',
   'york',
   'one',
   'american',
   'became',
   'last',
   'home',
   'mrs',
   'later',
   'two',
   'year',
   'world',
   'died',
   'time',
   'death',
   'old',
   'born',
   'times'],
  ['general',
   'gen',
   'grant',
   'army',
   'war',
   'president',
   'men',
   'upon',
   'military',
   'pershing',
   'command',
   'macarthur',
   'troops',
   'states',
   'april',
   'made',
   'forces',
   'union',
   'days',
   'sent'],
  ['war',
   'israel',
   'minister',
   'peace',
   'gandhi',
   'british',
   'king',
   'government',
   'prime',
   'united',
   'india',
   'secretary',
   'arab',
   'nations',
   'france',
   'churchill',
   'political',
   'mrs',
   'state',
   'israeli'],
  ['queen',
   'prince',
   'england',
   'victoria',
   'king',
   'schweitzer',
   'emperor',
   'duke',
   'sir',
   'london',
   'douglass',
   'church',
   'lord',
   'throne',
   'reign',
   'royal',
   'english',
   'trudeau',
   'princess',
   'tolstoy'],
  ['music',
   'band',
   'jazz',
   'piano',
   'musical',
   'sinatra',
   'composer',
   'goodman',
   'orchestra',
   'played',
   'stravinsky',
   'works',
   'bernstein',
   'concert',
   'armstrong',
   'playing',
   'musicians',
   'davis',
   'style',
   'opera'],
  ['company',
   'business',
   'oil',
   'ford',
   'rockefeller',
   'hill',
   'carnegie',
   'president',
   'keller',
   'getty',
   'barnum',
   'cleveland',
   'bell',
   'sloan',
   'church',
   'stock',
   'money',
   'companies',
   'day',
   'general'],
  ['university',
   'professor',
   'research',
   'science',
   'scientific',
   'oppenheimer',
   'institute',
   'human',
   'dewey',
   'work',
   'atomic',
   'society',
   'children',
   'vaccine',
   'nobel',
   'theory',
   'freud',
   'prize',
   'also',
   'scientist'],
  ['times',
   'art',
   'new',
   'york',
   'moses',
   'ochs',
   'picasso',
   'paper',
   'pulitzer',
   'work',
   'paris',
   'luce',
   'newspaper',
   'artist',
   'news',
   'painting',
   'chattanooga',
   'editor',
   'journalism',
   'wright'],
  ['truman',
   'kennedy',
   'president',
   'said',
   'nixon',
   'hoover',
   'eisenhower',
   'television',
   'johnson',
   'united',
   'american',
   'lindbergh',
   'air',
   'program',
   'million',
   'war',
   'murrow',
   'news',
   'space',
   'communist'],
  ['miss',
   'film',
   'theater',
   'broadway',
   'movie',
   'films',
   'hollywood',
   'stage',
   'movies',
   'actor',
   'said',
   'role',
   'actress',
   'director',
   'television',
   'show',
   'dance',
   'star',
   'love',
   'made'],
  ['soviet',
   'party',
   'mao',
   'hitler',
   'china',
   'war',
   'communist',
   'german',
   'stalin',
   'chinese',
   'moscow',
   'united',
   'political',
   'deng',
   'union',
   'germany',
   'chiang',
   'military',
   'khrushchev',
   'power']],
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When the topic model finishes, it will output your results to your output_directory_path.

Display Topics and Top Words#

To examine the 15 topics that the topic model extracted from the NYT obituaries, run the cell below. This code uses the little_mallet_wrapper.load_topic_keys() function to read and process the MALLET topic model output from your computer, specifically the file “mallet.topic_keys.15”.

Take a minute to read through every topic. Reflect on what each topic seems to capture as well as how well you think the topics capture the broad themes of the entire collection. Note any oddities, outliers, or inconsistencies.

topics = little_mallet_wrapper.load_topic_keys(path_to_topic_keys)

for topic_number, topic in enumerate(topics):
    print(f"✨Topic {topic_number}✨\n\n{topic}\n")

✨Topic 0✨

['one', 'would', 'said', 'time', 'could', 'man', 'life', 'years', 'never', 'made', 'people', 'many', 'later', 'first', 'two', 'long', 'even', 'came', 'way', 'also']

✨Topic 1✨

['book', 'wrote', 'published', 'said', 'writing', 'writer', 'novel', 'books', 'author', 'life', 'story', 'literary', 'stories', 'write', 'work', 'poet', 'short', 'writers', 'poetry', 'novels']

✨Topic 2✨

['president', 'state', 'roosevelt', 'court', 'justice', 'house', 'states', 'party', 'black', 'law', 'political', 'united', 'governor', 'campaign', 'democratic', 'republican', 'election', 'rights', 'warren', 'congress']

✨Topic 3✨

['baseball', 'game', 'louis', 'won', 'ruth', 'team', 'tennis', 'league', 'babe', 'rickey', 'first', 'golf', 'football', 'record', 'champion', 'abbott', 'club', 'season', 'dempsey', 'black']

✨Topic 4✨

['years', 'new', 'first', 'york', 'one', 'american', 'became', 'last', 'home', 'mrs', 'later', 'two', 'year', 'world', 'died', 'time', 'death', 'old', 'born', 'times']

✨Topic 5✨

['general', 'gen', 'grant', 'army', 'war', 'president', 'men', 'upon', 'military', 'pershing', 'command', 'macarthur', 'troops', 'states', 'april', 'made', 'forces', 'union', 'days', 'sent']

✨Topic 6✨

['war', 'israel', 'minister', 'peace', 'gandhi', 'british', 'king', 'government', 'prime', 'united', 'india', 'secretary', 'arab', 'nations', 'france', 'churchill', 'political', 'mrs', 'state', 'israeli']

✨Topic 7✨

['queen', 'prince', 'england', 'victoria', 'king', 'schweitzer', 'emperor', 'duke', 'sir', 'london', 'douglass', 'church', 'lord', 'throne', 'reign', 'royal', 'english', 'trudeau', 'princess', 'tolstoy']

✨Topic 8✨

['music', 'band', 'jazz', 'piano', 'musical', 'sinatra', 'composer', 'goodman', 'orchestra', 'played', 'stravinsky', 'works', 'bernstein', 'concert', 'armstrong', 'playing', 'musicians', 'davis', 'style', 'opera']

✨Topic 9✨

['company', 'business', 'oil', 'ford', 'rockefeller', 'hill', 'carnegie', 'president', 'keller', 'getty', 'barnum', 'cleveland', 'bell', 'sloan', 'church', 'stock', 'money', 'companies', 'day', 'general']

✨Topic 10✨

['university', 'professor', 'research', 'science', 'scientific', 'oppenheimer', 'institute', 'human', 'dewey', 'work', 'atomic', 'society', 'children', 'vaccine', 'nobel', 'theory', 'freud', 'prize', 'also', 'scientist']

✨Topic 11✨

['times', 'art', 'new', 'york', 'moses', 'ochs', 'picasso', 'paper', 'pulitzer', 'work', 'paris', 'luce', 'newspaper', 'artist', 'news', 'painting', 'chattanooga', 'editor', 'journalism', 'wright']

✨Topic 12✨

['truman', 'kennedy', 'president', 'said', 'nixon', 'hoover', 'eisenhower', 'television', 'johnson', 'united', 'american', 'lindbergh', 'air', 'program', 'million', 'war', 'murrow', 'news', 'space', 'communist']

✨Topic 13✨

['miss', 'film', 'theater', 'broadway', 'movie', 'films', 'hollywood', 'stage', 'movies', 'actor', 'said', 'role', 'actress', 'director', 'television', 'show', 'dance', 'star', 'love', 'made']

✨Topic 14✨

['soviet', 'party', 'mao', 'hitler', 'china', 'war', 'communist', 'german', 'stalin', 'chinese', 'moscow', 'united', 'political', 'deng', 'union', 'germany', 'chiang', 'military', 'khrushchev', 'power']

Load Topic Distributions#

MALLET also calculates the likely mixture of these topics for every single obituary in the corpus. This mixture is really a probability distribution, that is, the probability that each topic exists in the document. We can use these probability distributions to examine which of the above topics are strongly associated with which specific obituaries.

To get the topic distributions, we’re going to use the little_mallet_wrapper.load_topic_distributions() function, which will read and process the MALLET topic model output, specifically the file “mallet.topic_distributions.15”.

topic_distributions = little_mallet_wrapper.load_topic_distributions(path_to_topic_distributions)

If we look at the 32nd topic distribution in this list of topic_distributions, which corresponds to Marilyn Monroe’s obituary, we will see a list of 15 probabilities. This list corresponds to the likelihood that each of the 15 topics exists in Marilyn Monroe’s obituary.

topic_distributions[32]

[0.36054595600789047,
00025639621105210574,
0003903512242116964,
08695581731648391,
27222344675469345,
001785481585425372,
0001182410956030627,
00012667203812443808,
00013194738281021722,
0002546559917063317,
00332266879500217,
01412539295210924,
035995054909529624,
21889193703216597,
0048759807031919025]

It’s a bit easier to understand if we pair these probabilities with the topics themselves. As you can see below, Topic 13 “miss film theater movie broadway films” has a relatively high probability of existing in Marilyn Monroe’s obituary .219 while Topic 5 “soviet party mao hitler china war” has a relatively low probability .005. This seems to comport with what we know about Marilyn Monroe.

obituary_to_check = "1962-Marilyn-Monroe"

obit_number = obit_titles.index(obituary_to_check)

print(f"Topic Distributions for {obit_titles[obit_number]}\n")
for topic_number, (topic, topic_distribution) in enumerate(zip(topics, topic_distributions[obit_number])):
    print(f"✨Topic {topic_number} {topic[:6]} ✨\nProbability: {round(topic_distribution, 3)}\n")

Topic Distributions for 1962-Marilyn-Monroe

✨Topic 0 ['one', 'would', 'said', 'time', 'could', 'man'] ✨
Probability: 0.361

✨Topic 1 ['book', 'wrote', 'published', 'said', 'writing', 'writer'] ✨
Probability: 0.0

✨Topic 2 ['president', 'state', 'roosevelt', 'court', 'justice', 'house'] ✨
Probability: 0.0

✨Topic 3 ['baseball', 'game', 'louis', 'won', 'ruth', 'team'] ✨
Probability: 0.087

✨Topic 4 ['years', 'new', 'first', 'york', 'one', 'american'] ✨
Probability: 0.272

✨Topic 5 ['general', 'gen', 'grant', 'army', 'war', 'president'] ✨
Probability: 0.002

✨Topic 6 ['war', 'israel', 'minister', 'peace', 'gandhi', 'british'] ✨
Probability: 0.0

✨Topic 7 ['queen', 'prince', 'england', 'victoria', 'king', 'schweitzer'] ✨
Probability: 0.0

✨Topic 8 ['music', 'band', 'jazz', 'piano', 'musical', 'sinatra'] ✨
Probability: 0.0

✨Topic 9 ['company', 'business', 'oil', 'ford', 'rockefeller', 'hill'] ✨
Probability: 0.0

✨Topic 10 ['university', 'professor', 'research', 'science', 'scientific', 'oppenheimer'] ✨
Probability: 0.003

✨Topic 11 ['times', 'art', 'new', 'york', 'moses', 'ochs'] ✨
Probability: 0.014

✨Topic 12 ['truman', 'kennedy', 'president', 'said', 'nixon', 'hoover'] ✨
Probability: 0.036

✨Topic 13 ['miss', 'film', 'theater', 'broadway', 'movie', 'films'] ✨
Probability: 0.219

✨Topic 14 ['soviet', 'party', 'mao', 'hitler', 'china', 'war'] ✨
Probability: 0.005

Explore Heatmap of Topics and Texts#

We can visualize and compare these topic probability distributions with a heatmap by using the little_mallet_wrapper.plot_categories_by_topics_heatmap() function.

We have everything we need for the heatmap except for our list of target_labels, the sample of texts that we’d like to visualize and compare with the heatmap. Below we make our list of desired target labels.

target_labels = ['1852-Ada-Lovelace', '1885-Ulysses-Grant',
                 '1900-Nietzsche', '1931-Ida-B-Wells', '1940-Marcus-Garvey',
                 '1941-Virginia-Woolf', '1954-Frida-Kahlo', '1962-Marilyn-Monroe',
                 '1963-John-F-Kennedy', '1964-Nella-Larsen', '1972-Jackie-Robinson',
                 '1973-Pablo-Picasso', '1984-Ray-A-Kroc','1986-Jorge-Luis-Borges', '1991-Miles-Davis',
                 '1992-Marsha-P-Johnson', '1993-Cesar-Chavez']

If you’d like to make a random list of target labels, you can uncomment and run the cell below.

#import random
#target_labels = random.sample(obit_titles, 10)

little_mallet_wrapper.plot_categories_by_topics_heatmap(obit_titles,
                                      topic_distributions,
                                      topics, 
                                      output_directory_path + '/categories_by_topics.pdf',
                                      target_labels=target_labels,
                                      dim= (13, 9)
                                     )

../_images/c4c43b7843ee575bc73d650ef191ea8a9485f0a7a7fcc5a155e7c69868be08f2.png

The darker squares in this heatmap represent a high probability for the corresponding topic (compared to everyone else in the heatmap) and the lighter squares in the heatmap represent a low probability for the corresponding topic. For example, if you scan across the row of Marilyn Monroe, you can see a dark square for the topic “miss film theater movie theater broadway”. If you scan across the row of Ada Lovelace, an English mathematician who is now recognized as the first computer programmer, according to her NYT obituary, you can see a dark square for “university professor research science also”.

The plot_categories_by_topics_heatmap() function also helpfully outputs a PDF of the heatmap to output_directory_path + '/categories_by_topics.pdf'. We can download this PDF and explore it in more detail or embed it in an article or blog post!

Display Top Titles Per Topic#

We can also display the obituaries that have the highest probability for every topic with the little_mallet_wrapper.get_top_docs() function.

Because most of the obituaries in our corpus are pretty long, however, it will be more useful for us to simply display the title of each obituary, rather than the entire document—at least as a first step. To do so, we’ll first need to make two dictionaries, which will allow us to find the corresponding obituary title and the original text from a given training document.

training_data_obit_titles = dict(zip(training_data, obit_titles))
training_data_original_text = dict(zip(training_data, original_texts))

Then we’ll make our own function display_top_titles_per_topic() that will display the top text titles for every topic. This function accepts a given topic_number as well as a desired number_of_documents to display.

def display_top_titles_per_topic(topic_number=0, number_of_documents=5):
    
    print(f"✨Topic {topic_number}✨\n\n{topics[topic_number]}\n")

    for probability, document in little_mallet_wrapper.get_top_docs(training_data, topic_distributions, topic_number, n=number_of_documents):
        print(round(probability, 4), training_data_obit_titles[document] + "\n")
    return

Topic 0

To display the top 5 obituary titles with the highest probability of containing Topic 0, we will run:

display_top_titles_per_topic(topic_number=0, number_of_documents=5)

✨Topic 0✨

['one', 'would', 'said', 'time', 'could', 'man', 'life', 'years', 'never', 'made', 'people', 'many', 'later', 'first', 'two', 'long', 'even', 'came', 'way', 'also']

4786 1987-James-Baldwin

4647 1882-Charles-Darwin

4594 1974-Sylvia-Plath

4452 1978-Golda-Meir

4429 1935-Adolph-S-Ochs

What would you label this topic?

To display the top 5 obituary titles with the highest probability of containing Topic 9, we will run:

display_top_titles_per_topic(topic_number=9, number_of_documents=5)

✨Topic 9✨

['company', 'business', 'oil', 'ford', 'rockefeller', 'hill', 'carnegie', 'president', 'keller', 'getty', 'barnum', 'cleveland', 'bell', 'sloan', 'church', 'stock', 'money', 'companies', 'day', 'general']

4206 1956-Charles-Merrill

3872 1966-Alfred-P-Sloan-Jr

3799 1947-Henry-Ford

358 1915-F-W-Taylor

3575 1937-John-Rockefeller

What would you label this topic?

To display the top 7 obituaries with the highest probability of containing Topic 8, we will run:

display_top_titles_per_topic(topic_number=8, number_of_documents=7)

✨Topic 8✨

['music', 'band', 'jazz', 'piano', 'musical', 'sinatra', 'composer', 'goodman', 'orchestra', 'played', 'stravinsky', 'works', 'bernstein', 'concert', 'armstrong', 'playing', 'musicians', 'davis', 'style', 'opera']

5833 1983-Earl-Hines

5748 1993-Dizzy-Gillespie

5657 1991-Miles-Davis

5451 1993-Carlos-Montoya

5352 1983-Muddy-Waters

5091 1986-Benny-Goodman

498 1984-Count-Basie

What would you label this topic?

Display Topic Words in Context of Original Text#

Often it’s useful to actually look at the document that has ranked highly for a given topic and puzzle out why it ranks so highly.

To display the original obituary texts that rank highly for a given topic, with the relevant topic words bolded for emphasis, we are going to make the function display_bolded_topic_words_in_context().

In the cell below, we’re importing two special Jupyter notebook display modules, which will allow us to make the relevant topic words bolded, as well as the regular expressions library re, which will allow us to find and replace the correct words.

from IPython.display import Markdown, display
import re

def display_bolded_topic_words_in_context(topic_number=3, number_of_documents=3, custom_words=None):

    for probability, document in little_mallet_wrapper.get_top_docs(training_data, topic_distributions, topic_number, n=number_of_documents):
        
        print(f"✨Topic {topic_number}✨\n\n{topics[topic_number]}\n")
        
        probability = f"✨✨✨\n\n**{probability}**"
        obit_title = f"**{training_data_obit_titles[document]}**"
        original_text = training_data_original_text[document]
        topic_words = topics[topic_number]
        topic_words = custom_words if custom_words != None else topic_words

        for word in topic_words:
            if word in original_text:
                original_text = re.sub(f"\\b{word}\\b", f"**{word}**", original_text)

        display(Markdown(probability)), display(Markdown(obit_title)), display(Markdown(original_text))
    return

Topic 3

To display the top 3 original obituaries with the highest probability of containing Topic 0 and with relevant topic words bolded, we will run:

display_bolded_topic_words_in_context(topic_number=3, number_of_documents=3)

✨Topic 3✨

['baseball', 'game', 'louis', 'won', 'ruth', 'team', 'tennis', 'league', 'babe', 'rickey', 'first', 'golf', 'football', 'record', 'champion', 'abbott', 'club', 'season', 'dempsey', 'black']

✨✨✨

0.6523135065601782

1941-Lou-Gehrig

June 3, 1941

OBITUARY

Gehrig’s Impressive Records

By THE NEW YORK TIMESThe major records that Gehrig made:

Most consecutive games–2,130.

Most consecutive years, 100 games or more–14.

Most years, 150 games or more–12.

Most years, 100 runs or more–13.

Most consecutive years, 100 runs or more–13.

Most years, 100 or more runs batted in–13 (tied with Ruth).

Most years, 150 or more runs batted in–7.

Most consecutive years, 100 or more runs batted in–13.

Most runs batted in, one season–184 (American League).

Most times, four long hits in one game–5.

Most years, 400 or more total bases–5.

Most years, 300 or more total bases–13.

Most home runs with bases filled–23.

Most consecutive home runs in one game–4 (modern record).

Most total bases, one game (modern record)–16 (tied with Ruth and Klein).

Most years, leading league, runs batted in–5 (tied with Ruth).

Most years, leading league games played, season–8.

First baseman participating in most double plays, season–157.

World Series

Highest batting percentage, total series–.361 (7 series).

Most runs, one series–9 (tied with Ruth).

Most runs batted in, total series–35.

Most runs batted in, one series–9.

Most home runs, one four-game series–4.

Most home runs, 3 consecutive games–4.

Most extra bases on long hits, one series–13.

✨Topic 3✨

['baseball', 'game', 'louis', 'won', 'ruth', 'team', 'tennis', 'league', 'babe', 'rickey', 'first', 'golf', 'football', 'record', 'champion', 'abbott', 'club', 'season', 'dempsey', 'black']

✨✨✨

0.5762678365738184

1985-Roger-Maris

December 15, 1985

OBITUARY

Roger Maris is Dead at 51, Set Record Home Runs

By JOSEPH DURSO

Roger Maris, who held the major league record for the most home runs in a single season, died yesterday at M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute in Houston after a two-year bout with cancer, hospital officials said. He was 51 years old.

During the early 1960’s when the New York Yankees reigned for five straight pennant-winning seasons, Roger Maris was all things to all people. But baseball history will remember him as the home-run twin to Mickey Mantle, and generations of fans will remember him as the man with the asterisk in the record books: *Hit 61 home runs in 1961 in a 162-game season.

The asterisk was inserted to distinguish Maris’s home-run record from the one set in 1927 by the greatest Yankee of them all: Babe Ruth, who hit 60 in the days of the 154-game season.

It was inserted into the record books by Ford C. Frick, the commissioner of baseball, who apparently reflected the traditionalist view of many fans that the Olympian feats of Babe Ruth must be defended against long seasons, short fences and newly arrived sluggers -even one who eventually played in seven World Series and hit 275 home runs in 12 seasons in the big leagues.

Set Mark on Final Day

But, on Oct. 1. 1961, asterisk or no asterisk, Roger Maris made history when he hit his 61st home run of the season in his 161st game on the final day of the 162-game season in Yankee Stadium against

Tracy Stallard of the Boston Red Sox.

It was the rousing end to a rousing season, and it ended with the Yankees winning the pennant race before roaring sellout crowds and swarms of writers and broadcasters drawn by Mantle and Maris, the power hitters on yet another great Yankee team. Mantle, who was injured in September, still managed to hit 54 home runs, so the ‘’twins’’ combined for an awesome total of 115.

But Maris, an accomplished outfielder with a powerful arm and bat, was besieged as he pursued the memory and the record of Ruth.

And yet, Maris was not universally embraced for his achievement. The Yankees received 3,000 messages a day during the final weeks of the season, many of them cheering him on. But the commissioner, a onetime colleague of Babe Ruth, announced that any record would have to be set in 154 games. And Rogers Hornsby, the Hall of Fame slugger, who also had been a contemporary of Ruth, said in the passion of the day: ‘’Maris has no right to break Ruth’s record.’’

Maris had no ‘’right’’ to break Ruth’s record ostensibly because he was none of the things that had made Babe Ruth renowned as the Bambino. He was imported to the Yankees from the Kansas City Athletics, a stocky figure with a blond crewcut, and he was playing only his second season in the celebrated pinstripes. He was considered an upstart in the House That Ruth Built, and the house that Mantle dominated. He was dour, aloof, sometimes arch, and in no way the flamboyant bear portrayed by Babe Ruth.

His manager in 1960, Casey Stengel, once said: ‘’You ask Maris a question, and he stares at you for a week before he answers.’’ ‘’I was born surly,’’ Maris acknowledged in 1961 when the home-run race had ended, ‘’and I’m going to stay that way. Everything in life is tough. ‘’Even the Yankee clubhouse attendants think I’m tough to live with. I guess they’re right. I’m miffed most of the time, regardless of how I’m doing. But, regardless of my faults, I’ll never take abuse from anybody - big or small, important or unimportant - if I think it’s undeserved.’’

Star Athlete in School

Roger Eugene Maris was born in Hibbing, Minn., on Sept. 10, 1934, but was still an infant when his family moved to Fargo. N.D. The family name was Maras, but he changed it legally in 1955 to Maris.

He was an outstanding athlete at Shanley High School, a star in basketball and track and an all-state halfback in football. The school had no baseball team, but he played American Legion ball and became a star there, too.

When he graduated from high school, the University of Oklahoma offered Maris a football scholarship, but a scout for the Cleveland Indians persuaded him to try for a baseball career. He offered a $5,000 bonus and $10,000 more if Maris made the big leagues, and Maris signed.

It didn’t take him long to redeem the full bonus. He broke into professional ball in 1954 in Keokuk, advanced in 1955 to Reading, then in 1956 to Indianapolis in the American Association, one notch below the majors. One year later, in 1957, he was playing outfield for the Indians.

Traded to the Yankees

But on June 15, 1958, he was traded to the Kansas City Athletics with Dick Tomanek and Preston Ward for Vic Power and Woodie Held. And a year and a half later, on Dec. 11, 1959, with some recognition as a blooming power hitter, he was traded to New York with Joe DeMaestri and Kent Hadley for Don Larsen, Hank Bauer, Norm Siebern and Marv Throneberry. He was 25 years old and a Yankee.

It didn’t take Maris long to ‘’join the club.’’ In his debut in 1960, he hit a single, double and two home runs. He finished the season with 39 home runs, and the Yankees won the American League pennant and began a streak of five straight pennants.

In 1961, the season that made him both famous and controversial, he posted these numbers: 161 games, 590 times at bat, 159 hits, 94 walks, 67 strikeouts, 132 runs scored, 142 runs batted in, a batting average of .269 -and 61 home runs.

But, if 1961 was a difficult time for Maris, he soon found that 1962 was an ordeal. He was engulfed wherever he went, cheerleaders asking if he could hit more than 61 home runs, critics asking why not.

He hit 33.

Yankees’ Era Ends

After 1964, the Yankees stopped winning pennants after an extraordinary run of 14 in 16 years. Maris, meanwhile, endured several seasons of injuries to his back, hand and legs, and said later that he was outraged by intimations that he had been exaggerating his ailments. On Dec. 8, 1966, he was traded to the St. Louis Cardinals, where he again distinguished himself as a professional with a strong right-handed throwing arm from right field and a strong left-handed swing at the plate.

He played in the World Series of 1967 and 1968 for the Cardinals, and then retired at the close of the 1968 season. His career line, with no asterisk, read: 12 years in the big leagues, 1,463 games, 5,101 times at bat, 1,325 hits, 275 home runs, 826 runs, 851 runs batted in and an average of .260. In seven World Series, he hit six home runs.

For many years, Maris lived in Independence, Mo., with his wife, the former Patricia Carvell, and their six children. After retiring from baseball, he lived in Gainesville, Fla., where he owned a beer distributorship.

For a while, he shunned old-timers’ games, because he resented the criticism and controversy from his playing days. But he began to appear at reunions later, and he remained close friends with Mantle,

Whitey Ford, Yogi Berra, Tony Kubek and his other teammates from the time when the Yankees ruled the day.

Funeral services will be held at noon Thursday at St. Mary’s Cathedral in Fargo, N.D.

✨Topic 3✨

['baseball', 'game', 'louis', 'won', 'ruth', 'team', 'tennis', 'league', 'babe', 'rickey', 'first', 'golf', 'football', 'record', 'champion', 'abbott', 'club', 'season', 'dempsey', 'black']

✨✨✨

0.5630222462450198

1955-Cy-Young

November 5, 1955

OBITUARY

Cy Young Is Dead; Famed Pitcher, 88

BY THE NEW YORK TIMES

NEWCOMERSTOWN, Ohio, Nov. 4 (AP)–Denton True (Cy) Young, one of baseball’s great pitchers, died today at the age of 88.

A member of baseball’s Hall of Fame, Mr. Young was stricken while sitting in a chair in the home of Mr. and Mrs. John Benedum, with whom he made his home near here.

His Feats Unequaled

Traded to the majors from the minors for a suit of clothing, Cy Young thrilled the baseball world from 1890 to 1911 with a blazing fast ball that set pitching records still unequaled.

Six feet two inches tall and weighing 210 pounds, this Ohio farmer pitched and won more games than any major leaguer. When he retired at the age of 45 because his legs had weakened, he had won 511 of 826 decisions in both leagues and for five teams. In all, he hurled in 906 games.

As the starting pitcher for the Boston Red Sox in 1903, Mr. Young threw the first pitch in a world series game. Fifty years later, as a guest at the opening game of the world series between the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Yankees, he stood in the pitcher’s box and threw a ceremonial strike to the Yankee catcher, Yogi Berra, to open the series. He was 86 at the time.

During his career, he was a thirty-game winner five seasons; a twenty-game victor sixteen times. He pitched one perfect game, two other no-hit shutouts and performed the “iron man” feat of hurling and winning complete games of a doubleheader.

One of the early members of the baseball Hall of Fame at Cooperstown, N.Y., Mr. Young pitched for the Cleveland Nationals, St. Louis Cardinals, Red Sox and Cleveland Indians and Boston Braves. He won 291 National League games and 220 in the American.

Had 36-10 Mark in 1892

For fourteen consecutive years, beginning in 1891, Mr. Young won twenty or more games. The 1892 season, when he posted a 36-10 record, was his best.

Mr. Young’s feat of pitching twenty-three consecutive hitless innings over a four-game span early in 1904 still stands as a major league record. His total of 2,836 strikeouts was surpassed only by the late Walter Johnson’s 3,497.

He was born on a farm in Gilmore, Ohio, on March 29, 1867. While pitching for the Canton (Ohio) club of the old Tri-State League in 1890, Mr. Young was nicknamed Cy. “I thought I had to show all my stuff,” he recalled years later, “and

I almost tore the boards off the grandstand with my fast ball. One of the fellows called me ‘Cyclone,’ but finally shortened it to ‘Cy,’ and it’s been that ever since.”

The league disbanded during the 1890 season and the pitcher joined the Cleveland Nationals early in August of that year.

Pitched, Won Doubleheader

Still a gawky country boy, he made his major league debut against Cap Anson’s Chicago White Stockings and won the game. Mr. Young won 10 and lost 7 for Cleveland during the late stages of the season. Two of those victories were obtained on Oct. 4, when he captured both ends of a doubleheader against Philadelphia.

In his first complete major league campaign the next year, Mr. Young won 27 and lost 22 games. For the next thirteen seasons he stayed above the .500 mark. He pitched his first major league no- hit, no-run contest on Sept. 18, 1897, blanking Cincinnati, 6 to 0. His affiliation with Cleveland ended after the 1898 campaign and he played with the St. Louis Cardinals in 1899 and 1900.

Mr. Young began eight years with the Red Sox in 1901. While blanking Philadelphia on May 5, 1904, he did not permit an opposing runner to reach first base. It was the third perfect game in major league history. On June 30, 1908, he won his third no-hit, no-run decision in the majors by shutting out New York, 8 to 0.

He was traded to the Cleveland Indians in 1909, and in the middle of the 1911 campaign was traded to the Braves. He retired to his farm near Peoli, Ohio, after that season.

Topic 8

To display the top 3 original obituaries with the highest probability of containing Topic 8 and with relevant topic words bolded, we will run:

display_bolded_topic_words_in_context(topic_number=8, number_of_documents=3)

✨Topic 8✨

['music', 'band', 'jazz', 'piano', 'musical', 'sinatra', 'composer', 'goodman', 'orchestra', 'played', 'stravinsky', 'works', 'bernstein', 'concert', 'armstrong', 'playing', 'musicians', 'davis', 'style', 'opera']

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0.5832633448522652

1983-Earl-Hines

April 24, 1983

OBITUARY

Earl Hines, 77, Father of Modern Jazz Piano, Dies

By JON PARELES

Earl (Fatha) Hines, the father of modern jazz piano, died Friday in Oakland, Calif., after a heart attack. He was 77 years old. In his pioneering work with Louis Armstrong in the late 1920’s, Mr.

Hines virtually redefined jazz piano. With what he called ‘’trumpet style,’’ Mr. Hines played horn-like solo lines in octaves with his right hand and spurred them with chords from his left. He thus carved a place for the piano as a solo instrument outside the rhythm section and defined the roles of both hands for the next generations of jazz pianists.

Mr. Hines’s strong right hand and angular melodic ideas continued to sound contemporary throughout his career. In the 1930’s and 1940’s, he led a Chicago big band that began the careers of the singers Billy Eckstine and Sarah Vaughan and included the saxophonists Wardell Gray and Budd Johnson. That band became an incubator for be-bop in the early 1940’s, when it featured the trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie and the saxophonist Charlie

Parker.

Son of Two Musicians

Earl Hines was born in Duquesne, Pa. His father was a trumpeter and his mother played piano and organ. He took up the trumpet as a child, but began studying classical piano at the age of 9. After three years of lessons, he decided he was more interested in jazz piano, and by the time he was 15 years old he was leading his own trio.

Mr. Hines worked with big bands led by Lois B. Deppe in Pittsburgh and Carroll Dickerson and Sammy Stewart in Chicago, and in 1927 he joined a quintet led by Louis Armstrong at Chicago’s Savoy Ballroom.

With Mr. Armstrong, he made such recordings as ‘’West End Blues’’ and ‘’Weather Bird,’’ and in 1928 he recorded solos, including ‘’A Monday Date’’ and ‘’Caution Blues,’’ that established his style and have had a lasting influence on jazz piano.

Mr. Hines started his own big band in 1928 at Chicago’s Grand Terrace Ballroom, and stayed in residence there for more than a decade, although he toured for part of each year. His was one of the first black big bands to tour the South.

Thn ‘’Jelly Jelly’’ and ‘’Stormy Monday Blues.’’ Although he left the Grand Terrace in 1940, Mr. Hines led a big band nearly continuously until 1947; at one point the group included a string section composed entirely of women.

Origin of Nickname

A Chicago disk jockey called him ‘’Fatha’’ in the 1930’s and the nickname - as in ‘’Father of modern piano’’ -stayed with him. After dissolving his band, Mr. Hines worked with smaller groups. He rejoined Mr.

Armstrong from 1948 to 1951, then led his own bands. In 1957, he toured Europe with an all-star group including the trombonist Jack Teagarden, but he spent much of the 1950’s playing Dixieland jazz - music that he had not be Jack Teagarden, but he spent much of the 1950’s playing Dixieland jazz - music that he had not been a part of - on the West Coast.

He re-emerged with triumphant concerts and recordings in the early 1960’s, and was elected a member of Downbeat magazine’s jazz hall of fame in 1965. In 1966, the United States sponsored Mr. Hines’ group on a tour of the Soviet Union, where he played for 92,000 people.

Since the 1950’s, Mr. Hines had been based in the San Francisco Bay area, and he continued to tour Europe, Japan and the United States through the early 1980’s. He played his final engagement last weekend in San Francisco.

Mr. Hines is survived by a granddaughter. He was divorced from his wife, Janie, in 1980.

✨Topic 8✨

['music', 'band', 'jazz', 'piano', 'musical', 'sinatra', 'composer', 'goodman', 'orchestra', 'played', 'stravinsky', 'works', 'bernstein', 'concert', 'armstrong', 'playing', 'musicians', 'davis', 'style', 'opera']

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0.5747514080459104

1993-Dizzy-Gillespie

January 7, 1993

OBITUARY

Dizzy Gillespie, Who Sounded Some of Modern Jazz’s Earliest Notes, Dies at 75

By PETER WATROUS

Dizzy Gillespie, the trumpet player whose role as a founding father of modern jazz made him a major figure in 20th-century American music and whose signature moon cheeks and bent trumpet made him one of the world’s most instantly recognizable figures, died yesterday at Englewood Hospital in Englewood, N.J.

Mr. Gillespie, who was 75, had been suffering for some time from pancreatic cancer, his press agent, Virginia Wicks, said.

In a nearly 60-year career as a composer, band leader and innovative player, Mr. Gillespie cut a huge swath through the jazz world. In the early 40’s, along with the alto saxophonist Charlie (Yardbird) Parker, he initiated be-bop, the sleek, intense, high-speed revolution that has become jazz’s most enduring style. In subsequent years he incorporated Afro-Cuban music into jazz, creating a new genre from the combination.

In the naturally effervescent Mr. Gillespie, opposites existed. His playing – and he performed constantly until nearly the end of his life – was meteoric, full of virtuosic invention and deadly serious.

But with his endlessly funny asides, his huge variety of facial expressions and his natural comic gifts, he was as much a pure entertainer as an accomplished artist. In some ways, he seemed to sum up all the possibilities of American popular art.

From Carolina To the Big Bands

John Birks Gillespie was born in Cheraw, S.C., on Oct. 21, 1917. His father, a bricklayer, led a local band, and by the age of 14 the young Gillespie was practicing the trumpet. He and his family moved to Philadelphia two years later, and Mr. Gillespie, though he thought about entering Temple University, quickly began a succession of professional jobs.

He worked with Bill Doggett, the pianist and organist, who fired him for not being able to read music well enough, and then Frank Fairfax, a big-band leader whose orchestra included the trumpeter Charlie

Shavers and the clarinetist Jimmy Hamilton. Mr. Gillespie was listening to the trumpeter Roy Eldridge, copying his solos and emulating his style, and was soon performing with Teddy Hill’s band at the Savoy Ballroom on the basis of his ability to reproduce Mr. Eldridge’s style.

According to legend, it was Mr. Hill who gave Mr. Gillespie his nickname because of his odd clothing style and his fondness for practical jokes. Mr. Gillespie began cultivating his personality, putting his feet up on music stands during shows and regularly cracking jokes. But by May 1937 he was also recording improvisations with the Hill band and helping the performances by setting riffs behind soloists.

Two years later, Mr. Gillepsie was considered accomplished enough to take part in a series of all-star recordings with Lionel Hampton, Benny Carter, Coleman Hawkins, Ben Webster and Chu Berry. He soloed on “Hot Mallets.”

That year, 1939, he joined Cab Calloway’s band, one of the leading black orchestras of the era. Though a dance band, its musicians, who included the bassist Milt Hinton and the guitarist Danny Barker, liked to experiment. Mr. Gillespie would work on the harmonic substitutions that eventually became be-bop. Mr. Gillespie was a regular soloist with the band, and by then his harmonic sensibility was beginning to take shape.

Joining With Parker To Mold New Style

It was while touring with the Calloway band in 1940 that Mr. Gillespie met Charlie Parker in Kansas City. And it was with him that Mr. Gillespie began formulating the style that was eventually called be-bop. Along with a handful of other musicians, including Thelonious Monk and Kenny Clarke, Mr. Gillespie and Mr. Parker would regularly experiment.

On live recordings of the period, especially the two solos on the tune “Kerouac,” recorded in 1941 at Minton’s Uptown Playhouse, a club in Harlem, can be heard his increasing interest in harmony, sleeker rhythms and a divergence from the style of Mr. Eldridge. Mr. Gillespie was blunt about his relationship with Mr. Parker, calling him “the other side of my heartbeat,” and freely giving him credit for some of the rhythmic innovations of be-bop.

At the same time that Mr. Gillespie was experimenting with the new style, he was regularly arranging and recording for Mr. Calloway, including one of his better improvisations on “Pickin’ the

Cabbage,” a piece he composed and arranged. In September 1941, at the State Theater in Hartford, Mr. Gillespie was involved in an incident that shaped his reputation and his career. Mr. Calloway saw a spitball thrown on stage and thought Mr. Gillespie had done it; the two men fought, and Mr. Gillespie pulled a knife and put a cut in Mr. Calloway’s posterior that required 10 stitches to close.

Mr. Gillespie was fired from that job, but spent the next several years working with some of the biggest names in jazz, including Coleman Hawkins (who recorded the first version of Mr. Gillespie’s classic “Woody ‘N’ You”), Benny Carter, Les Hite (for whom he recorded “Jersey Bounce,” considered the first be-bop solo), Lucky Millinder, Earl Hines, Ella Fitzgerald and Duke Ellington. For Mr. Millinder he made “Little John Special,” which includes a riff of Mr. Gillespie’s that was later fleshed out into the composition “Salt Peanuts,” one of his best-known pieces.

The early 40’s were a turbulent time for jazz. Be-bop was slowly making itself felt, but at the same time a series of disputes between recording companies and the musicians’ union resulted in a recording ban, so Mr. Gillespie and Mr. Parker were rarely recorded. In 1943 Mr. Gillespie led a band with the be-bop bassist Oscar Pettiford at the Onyx Club on 52d Street in Manhattan. And in 1944, the singer Billy Eckstine took over part of the Earl Hines band and created the first be-bop orchestra, of which few recorded performaces exist. Mr. Gillespie was the music director, and the band featured his “Night in Tunisia.”

It was in 1945 that Mr. Gillespie began to break out. He undertook an ambitious recording schedule, recording with the pianist Clyde Hart and with Mr. Parker, Cootie Williams, Red Norvo, Sarah Vaughan and Slim Gaillard. And he began series of his own recordings that have since become some of jazz’s most important pieces.

Recording under his own name for the first time, he made “I Can’t Get Started,” “Good Bait,” “Salt Peanuts” and “Be-bop,” during one session in January 1945.

He followed it up with a recording date featuring Mr. Parker that included “Groovin’ High,” “Dizzy Atmosphere” and “All the Things You Are.”

These recordings, with their tight ensemble passages, precisely articulated rhythms and dissonance as part of the palate of jazz, were to influence jazz forever. Though Mr. Gillespie enjoyed playing for dancers, this was music that was meant first and foremost to be listened to. It was virtuosic in a way not heard before, and it was music that sent music students scurrying to their turntables to learn the improvisations by heart.

They were also the recordings that captured Mr. Gillespie at his most impressive. His lines, jagged and angular, always seemed off balance. He used chromatic figures, and was not afraid to resolve a line on a vinegary, bitter note. And his improvising was eruptive; suddenly, a line would bolt into the high register, only to come tumbling down.

Mr. Gillespie did more than just record in 1945. He put together the first of his big bands, and then formed a quintet with Mr. Parker that Mr. Gillespie called “The height of perfection in our music.” It included Bud Powell on piano, Ray Brown on bass and Max Roach on drums. Later that year, Mr. Gillespie reformed the big band, called the Hepsations of 1945. Despitea tour of the South that was almost catastrophically unsuccessful, the band stayed together for the next four years. Another Revolution: Afro-Cuban Jazz

It was with this big band, whose name became the Dizzy Gillespie Orchestra, that Mr. Gillespie created his second revolution in the late 1940’s. An old friend, the Cuban trumpeter Mario Bauza, who had made it possible for him to join the Calloway orchestra, introduced Mr. Gillespie to the Cuban conga player Luciano (Chano Pozo) Gonzales. “Dizzy used to ask me about Cuban rhythms all the time,” said Mr. Bauza. “I introduced him to Chano Pozo, and they wrote ‘Manteca.’ It was a good marriage of two cultures. That was the beginning of Afro-Cuban jazz. That blew up the whole world.”

Mr. Gillespie quickly produced the sketches for “Cubana Be” and “Cubana Bop,” which were finished by the composer and arranger George Russell and included some of the first modal harmonies in jazz. And in “Manteca,” Mr. Gillespie’s collaboration with Mr. Pozo, he created a work that is still performed and quoted regularly, by both Latin orchestras and by jazz musicians. Without the sophisticated arrangements and the conjunction of Latin rhythms and jazz harmonies that Mr. Gillespie provided, both jazz and Latin music would be radically different today.

The band’s highest moments, however, were when Mr. Gillespie – in a move that characterized his career – hired some of the young be-boppers on the scene. Among them were the pianist John Lewis, vibraphonist Milt Jackson, bassist Ray Brown and drummer Kenny Clarke, who went on to form the Modern Jazz Quartet. “It was an incredible experience because so much was going on,” Mr. Lewis recalled. “Not only was he using these great be-bop arrangements but he was so encouraging. It was my first job, a formative experience.”

Mr. Gillespie’s was the last great evolutionary big band, and during its tenure he hired the best soloists, from Jimmy Heath, James Moody and Sonny Stitt to John Coltrane and Paul Gonzalves. Arrangements like “Things to Come,” with their exhilarating precision, were be-bop and orchestral landmarks, with dense harmonies and flashy rhythms.

And it was with his big band that Mr. Gillespie fully developed the other side of his musical personality. With songs like “He Beeped When He Should Have Bopped,” “Ool Ya Koo”, “Oo

Pop A Da” and others, he began popularizing the Bohemian, Dadaesque aspects of be-bop.

Mr. Gillespie was a keen popularizer, and with his sense of comedy managed to make his shows into an extraordinary mixture of entertainment and esthetics. In so doing, he was following in the path of his ex-bandleader, Mr. Calloway, as well as Louis Armstrong and Fats Waller.

From then on, he cultivated an audience that went beyond the average jazz fan, and it was this reputation that helped in his later career. And at the same time, be-bop fashion made an appearance, with Mr. Gillespie, in thick glasses and a beret, leading the way.

The big-band business slowed down considerably in the late 1940’s and early 50’s, and Mr. Gillespie teamed with Stan Kenton’s orchestra as a featured soloist. Then he began using a small group again.

He formed his own record company in 1951, Dee Gee, which folded soon after. Mr. Gillespie and Mr. Parker recorded for Verve, with Mr. Monk, and he and Mr. Parker performed at Birdland in Manhattan the next year. He toured Europe and in 1953 joined Mr. Parker, Mr. Powell, Mr. Roach and the bassist Charles Mingus for a concert at Massey Hall in Toronto that became legendary for its disorganization and for acrimony among performers.

It was also in 1953 that someone fell on Mr. Gillespie’s trumpet, and bent it. When he played the misshapen instrument, Mr. Gillespie found he could hear the sound more clearly, and so decided to keep it. Along with those cheeks, it became his trademark.

During the 1950’s Mr. Gillespie recorded with with Stan Getz, Stuff Smith, Sonny Stitt, Mr. Eldridge and others. In 1956, he formed another big band and, at the behest of the United States State

Department, toured the Middle East and South America. In 1957, Mr. Gillespie presided over “The Eternal Triangle,” a recording that includes Mr. Stitt and Sonny Rollins and some of the hardest trumpet blowing ever recorded.

Through the 1960’s and 70’s, Mr. Gillespie toured frequently, playing up to 300 shows a year, sometimes with an electric bassist and a guitarist, sometimes with a more traditional group. And in 1974 he signed with Pablo Records and began recording prolifically again. He won Grammies in 1975 and 1980, and he published his autobiography, “To Be or Not to Bop,” in 1979.

In the last decade, Mr. Gillespie’s career seemed recharged, and he became ubiquitous on the concert circuit as a special guest. He formed a Latin big band that performed with Paquito De Rivera, among others, and he constantly shuffled the personnel of his small groups.

Last year, in honor of his 75th birthday, Mr. Gillepsie played for four weeks at the Blue Note club in Manhattan, a stint that featured perhaps the greatest selection of jazz musicians ever brought together for a tribute. The month covered his career, from small groups, to Afro-Cuban jazz to a big band. As usual, he was his witty amiable self, in command of both the audience and his trumpet.

Mr. Gillespie is survived by his wife of 52 years, Lorraine.

Seeking the Best Of a Huge Output

Dizzy Gillespie’s recorded output was immense, spanning nearly 60 years and comprising hundreds of albums. Not all of his important recordings have been issued on CD, but the vinyl versions are worth hunting for.

Afro Cuban Jazz Verve The Be-Bop Revolution RCA Bird and Diz Verve The Development of an American Artist Smithsonian Diz and Getz Verve Dizzy and the Double Six of Paris Phillips

Dizzy at Newport Verve Dizzy on the French Riviera Phillips Dizzy’s Diamonds Verve Duets Verve The Gifted Ones (with Roy Eldridge) Pablo Live at the Royal Festival

Hall Enja Oscar Peterson and Dizzy Gillespie Pablo Portrait of Duke Ellington Verve Shaw Nuff Musicraft Sonny Side Up (with Sonny Stitt) Verve

✨Topic 8✨

['music', 'band', 'jazz', 'piano', 'musical', 'sinatra', 'composer', 'goodman', 'orchestra', 'played', 'stravinsky', 'works', 'bernstein', 'concert', 'armstrong', 'playing', 'musicians', 'davis', 'style', 'opera']

✨✨✨

0.5657314588968271

1991-Miles-Davis

September 29, 1991

OBITUARY

Miles Davis, Trumpeter, Dies; Jazz Genius, 65, Defined Cool

By JON PARELES

Miles Davis, the trumpeter and composer whose haunting tone and ever-changing style made him an elusive touchstone of jazz for four decades, died yesterday at St. John’s Hospital and Health Center in Santa Monica, Calif. He was 65 years old.

He died of pneumonia, respiratory failure and a stroke, his doctor, Jeff Harris, said in a statement released by the hospital.

A spokeswoman for the hospital, Pat Kirk, said yesterday that Mr. Davis had been a patient there for several weeks.

Mr. Davis’s unmistakable, voicelike, nearly vibratoless tone – at times distant and melancholy, at others assertive yet luminous – has been imitated around the world.

His solos, whether ruminating on a whispered ballad melody or jabbing against a beat, have been models for generations of jazz musicians. Other trumpeters play faster and higher, but more than in any technical feats Mr. Davis’s influence lay in his phrasing and sense of space. “I always listen to what I can leave out,” he would say.

Equally important, Mr. Davis never settled into one style; every few years he created a new lineup and format for his groups. Each phase brought denunciations from critics; each, except for the most recent one, has set off repercussions throughout modern jazz. “I have to change,” he once said. “It’s like a curse.”

Mr. Davis came of age in the be-bop era; many successive styles – cool jazz, hard-bop, modal jazz, jazz-rock, jazz-funk – were sparked or ratified by his example. Throughout his career he was grounded in the blues, but he also drew on pop, flamenco, classical music, rock, Arab music and Indian music. Musicians he discovered often moved on to innovations of their own.

Mr. Davis was also known for a volatile personality and arrogant public pronouncements, and for a stage presence that could be charismatic or aloof. For a while, he turned his back on audiences as he played and walked offstage when he was not soloing. His public persona was flamboyant, uncompromising and fiercely independent; he drove Ferraris and Lamborghinis and did not mince words when he disliked something.

Yet his music was deeply collaborative. He spurred his sidemen to find their own musical voices and was inspired by them in turn.

Trumpet at 13

Miles Dewey Davis 3d was born May 25, 1926, in Alton, Ill., the son of an affluent dental surgeon, and grew up in East St. Louis, Ill. On his 13th birthday, he was given a trumpet and lessons with a local jazz musician, Elwood Buchanan. He got his musicians’ union card at 15 so he could perform around St. Louis with Eddie Randall’s Blue Devils.

Clark Terry, the trumpeter, one of his early idols, became Mr. Davis’s mentor, and his local reputation grew quickly. Mr. Davis’s parents made him turn down early offers to join big bands.

But in 1944 the Billy Eckstine band, which then included two men who were beginning to create be-bop – Charlie Parker on alto saxophone and Dizzy Gillespie on trumpet – arrived in St. Louis with an ailing third trumpeter. Mr. Davis sat in for two weeks. The experience made him decide to move to New York, the center of the be-bop revolution.

He enrolled in the Juilliard School of Music in September 1944, and for his first months in New York he studied classical music by day and jazz by night, in the clubs of 52d Street and Harlem. Mr. Parker, who roomed with Mr. Davis for a time, and Mr. Gillespie introduced him to the coterie of be-bop musicians. From them he learned the harmonic vocabulary of be-bop and began to forge a solo style.

Mr. Davis made his first recording in May 1945 backing up a singer, Rubberlegs Williams. He also performed in the 52d Street clubs with the saxophonists Coleman Hawkins and Eddie (Lockjaw) Davis. In the fall of that year he joined Charlie Parker’s quintet and dropped out of Juilliard. “Up at Juilliard,” Mr. Davis said later, “I played in the symphony, two notes, ‘bop-bop,’ every 90 bars, so I said, ‘Let me out of here,’ and then I left.”

With Parker’s quintet, Mr. Davis recorded one of the first be-bop sessions in November 1945. It yielded the singles “Now’s the Time” and “Koko.” For the next few years he worked primarily with Parker, and his tentative, occasionally shaky playing evolved into a pared-down, middle-register style that created a contrast with Parker’s aggressive forays. He made his first recording as a leader on Aug. 14, 1947, with a quintet that included Parker on tenor saxophone.

But Mr. Davis was moving away from the extroversion of early be-bop, and in 1948 he began to experiment with a new, more elaborately orchestrated style that would become known as “cool jazz.”

Working with the arrangers Gil Evans (a frequent collaborator throughout his career), John Lewis and Gerry Mulligan, Mr. Davis brought a nine-piece band to the Royal Roost in New York to play rich, ruminative ensemble pieces, with solos floating in diffuse clouds of harmony. Although the public showed little interest, Mr. Davis was able to record the music in 1949 and 1950, and it helped spawn a cerebral cool-jazz movement on the West Coast.

Mr. Davis became a heroin addict in the early 1950’s, performing infrequently and making erratic recordings. But in 1954 he overcame his addiction and began his first string of important small-group recordings. “Walkin’,” a swaggering blues piece informed by the extended harmonies of be-bop, turned decisively away from cool jazz and announced the arrival of hard bop. During 1954 Mr. Davis recorded with such leading musicians as the saxophonist Sonny Rollins and the pianists Horace Silver and Thelonious Monk.

Over the next year, he made a triumphant appearance at the Newport Jazz Festival and assembled his first important quintet, with John Coltrane on tenor saxophone, Red Garland on piano, Paul Chambers on bass and Philly Joe Jones on drums.

Breakthrough to Popularity

Like many of the Davis bands to follow, it seemed to be an incompatible grouping in prospect, mixing the suavity and harmonic nuances of Garland and Chambers with the forcefulness of Jones and the raw energy of Coltrane.

But it achieved a remarkable balance of delicacy and drive, with a sense of space and dynamics influenced by the pianist Ahmad Jamal’s trio, and it brought Mr. Davis his first general popularity.

The quintet recorded six albums in 1955-56, four of them in marathon sessions to fulfill Mr. Davis’s recording contract with the independent Prestige Records label so he could sign with Columbia, a major label.

In 1957 Mr. Davis had a throat operation to remove nodes from his vocal cords. Two days later he began shouting at someone who, he once said, “tried to convince me to go into a deal I didn’t want.” His voice was permanently damaged, reduced to a raspy whisper.

During the late 1950’s Mr. Davis alternated orchestral albums with Gil Evans arrangements – “Miles Ahead” (1957), “Porgy and Bess” (1958) and “Sketches of Spain” (1960) – with small-group sessions. He recorded the soundtrack for Louis Malle’s film “Ascenseur Pour l’Echafaud” (“Elevator to the Gallows”) with French musicians, then reconvened his quintet and added Julian (Cannonball) Adderley on alto saxophone. The sound track and the sextet’s first album, “Milestones,” signaled another metamorphosis, cutting back the harmonic motion of be-bop to make music with fewer chords and more ambiguous harmonies.

Mood and Melodic Tension

With “Kind of Blue” in 1959, that change was complete. Most of the pieces on “Kind of Blue” (composed by Mr. Davis or his new pianist, Bill Evans) were based on modal scales rather than chords. Mood and melodic tension became paramount, in music that was at times voluptuous and austere.

From this point onward, Mr. Davis would return often to music based on static, stripped-down harmonies. John Coltrane, among others, was to make modal jazz one of the definitive styles of the 1960’s.

The Davis group’s personnel fluctuated in the early 1960’s until Mr. Davis settled on a new quintet in 1964, with Wayne Shorter (who became the group’s main composer) on tenor saxophone,

Herbie Hancock on piano, Ron Carter on bass and Tony Williams on drums. It was one of the most important ensembles in 1960’s jazz, pushing tonal harmony to its limits and developing a dazzling rhythmic flexibility.

On the albums “E.S.P.,” “Miles Smiles,” “The Sorcerer” and “Nefertiti,” the group could swing furiously, then open up unexpected spaces or dissolve the beat into abstract waves of sound. The quintet defined an exploratory alternative to 1960’s free jazz. The four sidemen also recorded prolifically on their own, extending the quintet’s influence.

Branching Into Rock Rhythms

Mr. Davis had touched on rock rhythms in one selection on “E.S.P.,” but with the 1968 albums “Miles in the Sky” and “Filles de Kilimanjaro,” he began to experiment more seriously with rock rhythms, repeating bass lines and electronic instruments. He also began to work with open-ended compositions, based on rhythmic feeling, fragments of melody or bass patterns and his own on-the-spot directives.

Mr. Davis expanded the group on “In a Silent Way” (1969) with three electric keyboards and electric guitar. Using static harmonics and a rock undercurrent, the music was eerie and reflective, at once abstract and grounded by the beat. “Bitches Brew” (1969), recorded by a larger group – trumpeter, soprano saxophonist, bass clarinetist, two bassists, two or three keyboardists, three drummers and a percussionist – was an aggressive, spooky sequel, roiling and churning with improvisations in every register.

The two albums, along with performances at the Fillmore East and Fillmore West rock auditoriums, brought Mr. Davis’s music to the rock audience; “Bitches Brew” became a best-selling album.

Musicians who had worked with Mr. Davis from 1968-70 went on to lead the pioneering jazz-rock groups – the Mahavishnu Orchestra, Tony Williams Lifetime, Weather Report and Return to Forever.

Reaching Young Blacks

Mr. Davis, meanwhile, was turning from rock toward funk; in interviews at the time, he talked about reaching young black audiences. His bands in the 1970’s were anchored by a bassist, Michael Henderson, who had worked with Stevie Wonder, and they moved percussion and syncopated bass lines into the foreground. Around them, keyboards, saxophone, guitars and Mr. Davis’s trumpet (now electrified, and often played through a wah-wah pedal) supplied rhythmic and textural effects as well as solos. “On the Corner” (1972), which also used Indian tabla drums and sitar, marked the change, and a pair of live albums, “Dark Magus” and “Pangaea,” were even more jolting. Conventional melody and harmony had been virtually abandoned; the music was a thicket of rhythms and electronic textures. Critical reaction at the time was mixed, but those albums became an inspiration to the late-1970’s “no wave” noise-rockers and a new generation of funk experimenters in the 1980’s.

By the end of 1975 mounting medical problems – among them ulcers, throat nodes, hip surgery and bursitis – forced Mr. Davis into a five-year retirement. In 1981 he returned with an album, “The

Man With the Horn,” a Kool Jazz Festival concert in New York and a band featuring Robert Irving 3d as keyboardist and co-producer.

Although Mr. Davis’s technique was intact, the music seemed for the first time to involve commercial calculations and a look backward at Mr. Davis’s previous styles; he even played pop songs.

With “You’re Under Arrest” (1985), “Tutu” (1986) and “Music From Siesta” (1988), he recorded the music layer by layer, like pop albums, instead of leading musicians in live interaction. But on stage and on record, especially on the blues-oriented “Star People” (1983), there were still moments of the fierce beauty that is Mr. Davis’s lasting legacy to American music.

His last New York performance was in June as part of a double bill with B. B. King in the JVC Jazz Festival. In a review in The New York Times, Peter Watrous called the performance “a particularly bad night” for Mr. Davis. “The problem seemed simple,” Mr. Watrous wrote. “Mr. Davis was incapable of sustaining more than a few notes at a time; the spareness seemed less an editorial decision than a decision handed down by physical constraints.”

Mr. Davis was married three times, to the dancer Frances Taylor, singer Betty Mabry and the actress Cicely Tyson. All ended in divorce. Survivors include a daughter, Cheryl; three sons, Gregory, Miles

IV and Erin, and several grandchildren.

Memorial services are being planned in New York City and East St. Louis, said Ms. Kirk at the hospital.

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